Podcast
Questions and Answers
Oestradiol .
Oestradiol .
Which of the following is not a secondary sex characteristic?
Which of the following is not a secondary sex characteristic?
In regard to the onset/timing of puberty, who of the following is more at risk for substance use and delinquency?
In regard to the onset/timing of puberty, who of the following is more at risk for substance use and delinquency?
Tran is an 8-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in an urban area. If one were to compare the timing of puberty for Tran to the timing of puberty for her ancestral female lineage, one would expect that Tran will experience puberty others did in her family’s history.
Tran is an 8-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in an urban area. If one were to compare the timing of puberty for Tran to the timing of puberty for her ancestral female lineage, one would expect that Tran will experience puberty others did in her family’s history.
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In many traditional cultures, young men are required to demonstrate courage, strength and endurance in their coming-of-age rituals because .
In many traditional cultures, young men are required to demonstrate courage, strength and endurance in their coming-of-age rituals because .
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What is menarche?
What is menarche?
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What does the term 'spermarche' refer to?
What does the term 'spermarche' refer to?
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Which of the following statements about eating disorders is most accurate?
Which of the following statements about eating disorders is most accurate?
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Vanessa sometimes worries about getting fat even though her weight is in the healthy range. Most of the time she has normal eating habits, but sometimes she goes on a diet, counts her kilojoules and avoids carbs. Occasionally she will fast or skip her meals. Vanessa is exhibiting symptoms of .
Vanessa sometimes worries about getting fat even though her weight is in the healthy range. Most of the time she has normal eating habits, but sometimes she goes on a diet, counts her kilojoules and avoids carbs. Occasionally she will fast or skip her meals. Vanessa is exhibiting symptoms of .
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In the past 10–15 years, what describes young people’s rates of cigarette smoking?
In the past 10–15 years, what describes young people’s rates of cigarette smoking?
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Which of the following adolescents is LEAST likely to be a heavy drinker?
Which of the following adolescents is LEAST likely to be a heavy drinker?
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Imogen enjoys spending time with her friends on the weekend. When the group goes to parties, they will smoke pot and drink excessively. Imogen’s pattern of substance use is known as .
Imogen enjoys spending time with her friends on the weekend. When the group goes to parties, they will smoke pot and drink excessively. Imogen’s pattern of substance use is known as .
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You recently were watching your nephew, who is 13 years old, try to figure out why his bike’s gears won’t work. You were fascinated by the systematic problem-solving strategies that he used. You remember that just a few months ago he would not have been able to perform at this level of hypothesis testing; instead, he would have most likely tried random solutions haphazardly. According to Piaget, what type of reasoning is he using?
You recently were watching your nephew, who is 13 years old, try to figure out why his bike’s gears won’t work. You were fascinated by the systematic problem-solving strategies that he used. You remember that just a few months ago he would not have been able to perform at this level of hypothesis testing; instead, he would have most likely tried random solutions haphazardly. According to Piaget, what type of reasoning is he using?
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Which of the following statements is the most accurate based on research on formal operational thinking?
Which of the following statements is the most accurate based on research on formal operational thinking?
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What is the capacity of long-term memory?
What is the capacity of long-term memory?
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Jace thinks he is a really good driver. He often speeds on long stretches of highway and doesn’t usually slow down on the curves in the road despite what the signs say. He brags to his friends in the car that he can drive fast because he knows what he is doing. He goes on to say that only bad drivers have accidents. His way of thinking demonstrates .
Jace thinks he is a really good driver. He often speeds on long stretches of highway and doesn’t usually slow down on the curves in the road despite what the signs say. He brags to his friends in the car that he can drive fast because he knows what he is doing. He goes on to say that only bad drivers have accidents. His way of thinking demonstrates .
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Sarah loves to watch her grandmother crochet. Sarah’s grandma buys her a crochet hook and helps her complete her own basic crochet patterns. Grandma helps Sarah when she makes mistakes and Sarah moves onto more complex patterns. Sarah continues to consult with her grandmother but starts crocheting on her own. This is an example of .
Sarah loves to watch her grandmother crochet. Sarah’s grandma buys her a crochet hook and helps her complete her own basic crochet patterns. Grandma helps Sarah when she makes mistakes and Sarah moves onto more complex patterns. Sarah continues to consult with her grandmother but starts crocheting on her own. This is an example of .
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Students from usually have three types of secondary schools.
Students from usually have three types of secondary schools.
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Compared to their peers in some countries, adolescents in Asian countries .
Compared to their peers in some countries, adolescents in Asian countries .
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In maths and science, students from consistently score at the top.
In maths and science, students from consistently score at the top.
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Which of the following is not an advantage of a school-based apprenticeship?
Which of the following is not an advantage of a school-based apprenticeship?
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Which of the following is TRUE about work during adolescence?
Which of the following is TRUE about work during adolescence?
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Dr Rose often uses the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) in her research. Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of her work?
Dr Rose often uses the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) in her research. Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of her work?
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Larson and Richards (1994) compared preadolescents to adolescents and found that the percentage of time experienced as ‘very happy’ .
Larson and Richards (1994) compared preadolescents to adolescents and found that the percentage of time experienced as ‘very happy’ .
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When comparing the emotions experienced by American adolescents with those experienced by their parents, researchers found that the adolescents reported feeling more often.
When comparing the emotions experienced by American adolescents with those experienced by their parents, researchers found that the adolescents reported feeling more often.
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Jane is a new mum who often posts on Facebook about motherhood. She usually posts positive images of her interacting with her baby which contain lots of smiles. She never posts about the sleepless nights or the days when the baby constantly cries. Her friends often comment that she has the perfect baby and things seem to be going really well. Which of the following best describes the self that Jane presents on Facebook?
Jane is a new mum who often posts on Facebook about motherhood. She usually posts positive images of her interacting with her baby which contain lots of smiles. She never posts about the sleepless nights or the days when the baby constantly cries. Her friends often comment that she has the perfect baby and things seem to be going really well. Which of the following best describes the self that Jane presents on Facebook?
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Research has shown that during adolescence, is most strongly related to global self-esteem.
Research has shown that during adolescence, is most strongly related to global self-esteem.
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Charlotte is a typical girl in New Zealand. Based on the research, one would expect her self-esteem to be lowest in .
Charlotte is a typical girl in New Zealand. Based on the research, one would expect her self-esteem to be lowest in .
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Kohlberg’s proposition of a universal theory of moral development has been challenged by Shweder and his student, Jensen, who believe that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand an individual’s .
Kohlberg’s proposition of a universal theory of moral development has been challenged by Shweder and his student, Jensen, who believe that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand an individual’s .
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Research on Kohlberg’s stages of moral development .
Research on Kohlberg’s stages of moral development .
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Religious faith and practices .
Religious faith and practices .
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Kate grew up in a religious environment, with her parents regularly attending services at her local Catholic church and she herself attending a Catholic school. While Kate believes God exists, she does not take part in any regular spiritual disciplines and while she has not attended church for years, Kate still identifies as Catholic. Kate is most likely to be which spiritual type?
Kate grew up in a religious environment, with her parents regularly attending services at her local Catholic church and she herself attending a Catholic school. While Kate believes God exists, she does not take part in any regular spiritual disciplines and while she has not attended church for years, Kate still identifies as Catholic. Kate is most likely to be which spiritual type?
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In ESM studies, adolescents and their parents spent on average hour(s) together each day in shared activities, and the most common activity was .
In ESM studies, adolescents and their parents spent on average hour(s) together each day in shared activities, and the most common activity was .
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Conflict in adolescence .
Conflict in adolescence .
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Sanjay is part of a small group of friends, also known as a , who eat lunch together at school every day and socialise with each other on the weekends.
Sanjay is part of a small group of friends, also known as a , who eat lunch together at school every day and socialise with each other on the weekends.
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Menna is an adolescent from a Western culture. When asked about the most important feature of her friendships, she is most likely to mention .
Menna is an adolescent from a Western culture. When asked about the most important feature of her friendships, she is most likely to mention .
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Bronte, 16, is in a sexual relationship with her boyfriend, Jake. Bronte and Jake will often wag school and have sex at Bronte’s home while her parents are at work. While her parents suspect that Bronte and Jake may be having sex, they are not sure and tend to ignore the situation. Bronte and her family are most likely living in a(n) culture.
Bronte, 16, is in a sexual relationship with her boyfriend, Jake. Bronte and Jake will often wag school and have sex at Bronte’s home while her parents are at work. While her parents suspect that Bronte and Jake may be having sex, they are not sure and tend to ignore the situation. Bronte and her family are most likely living in a(n) culture.
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Research on adolescents’ media use has found that .
Research on adolescents’ media use has found that .
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Theo is an adolescent boy who has been in trouble for a number of delinquent acts such as underage drinking, vandalism and trespassing. Researchers who take a biological approach would explain this behaviour as being caused by an immature .
Theo is an adolescent boy who has been in trouble for a number of delinquent acts such as underage drinking, vandalism and trespassing. Researchers who take a biological approach would explain this behaviour as being caused by an immature .
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During high school, Joe was a popular kid who got into trouble when hanging around a group of older friends. One time he even climbed through the window of a bottle shop to steal beer when they had run out at a party. Eventually, Joe got a steady job, got married and had children. He mentioned at his reunion that he regretted the poor choices he had made. According to Moffitt, Joe would be considered a(n) .
During high school, Joe was a popular kid who got into trouble when hanging around a group of older friends. One time he even climbed through the window of a bottle shop to steal beer when they had run out at a party. Eventually, Joe got a steady job, got married and had children. He mentioned at his reunion that he regretted the poor choices he had made. According to Moffitt, Joe would be considered a(n) .
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Fifteen-year-old Sadreana has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Her treatment is most likely to include .
Fifteen-year-old Sadreana has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Her treatment is most likely to include .
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Which of the following statements about depression is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about depression is TRUE?
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Which of the following is one of the most important protective factors identified in resilience research, enabling adolescents to overcome the risk factors in their lives?
Which of the following is one of the most important protective factors identified in resilience research, enabling adolescents to overcome the risk factors in their lives?
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The most important oestrogen is oestradiol and the most important androgen is .
The most important oestrogen is oestradiol and the most important androgen is .
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Which of the following best describes pubertal timing?
Which of the following best describes pubertal timing?
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Puberty rituals .
Puberty rituals .
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For the past 6 months Paige has tried to reduce her weight by not eating any food. She is obsessive about counting kilojoules in any food she does eat and she exercises for at least 1 hour every day. Paige is most likely to have .
For the past 6 months Paige has tried to reduce her weight by not eating any food. She is obsessive about counting kilojoules in any food she does eat and she exercises for at least 1 hour every day. Paige is most likely to have .
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The substance use of an adolescent who drinks alcohol to relieve feelings of sadness and loneliness would be classified as .
The substance use of an adolescent who drinks alcohol to relieve feelings of sadness and loneliness would be classified as .
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Compared to the concrete thinking abilities displayed in childhood, the ability to reason in adolescence .
Compared to the concrete thinking abilities displayed in childhood, the ability to reason in adolescence .
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Which of the following best represents the research on formal operational thinking across cultures?
Which of the following best represents the research on formal operational thinking across cultures?
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Compared to his 7-year-old brother, a 14-year-old will have an easier time reading a book and listening to music at the same time because he is more adept at .
Compared to his 7-year-old brother, a 14-year-old will have an easier time reading a book and listening to music at the same time because he is more adept at .
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Compared to his brother at university, Jonah is more likely to think that if he starts smoking marijuana, he will be able to quit when he wants to and nothing bad will happen. This way of thinking demonstrates .
Compared to his brother at university, Jonah is more likely to think that if he starts smoking marijuana, he will be able to quit when he wants to and nothing bad will happen. This way of thinking demonstrates .
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After learning to knit a simple scarf with her grandmother’s guidance, Alexis began to knit a jumper while on break from university. She went over to her grandmother’s once when she had a question. By the time Alexis had to go back to university, she had nearly finished the jumper. She finished it a few weeks later while she was back at university, needing only one Skype session to help her. After Alexis finished the jumper, her grandmother mailed her a pattern so she can knit a book bag. This illustrates .
After learning to knit a simple scarf with her grandmother’s guidance, Alexis began to knit a jumper while on break from university. She went over to her grandmother’s once when she had a question. By the time Alexis had to go back to university, she had nearly finished the jumper. She finished it a few weeks later while she was back at university, needing only one Skype session to help her. After Alexis finished the jumper, her grandmother mailed her a pattern so she can knit a book bag. This illustrates .
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Compared to schools in the West, those in Asian countries .
Compared to schools in the West, those in Asian countries .
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Adolescents in developed countries who work part time .
Adolescents in developed countries who work part time .
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A developmental psychologist would most likely use the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to .
A developmental psychologist would most likely use the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to .
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Adolescents are most likely to exhibit their false selves with .
Adolescents are most likely to exhibit their false selves with .
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In traditional cultures, girls reach womanhood mainly through .
In traditional cultures, girls reach womanhood mainly through .
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Research on Kohlberg’s stages of moral development has shown that .
Research on Kohlberg’s stages of moral development has shown that .
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Evelyn attends her local church each week and regularly prays and reads religious texts. Her religious faith is important to her and shapes how she lives her life. She is most likely to have what type of religious worldview?
Evelyn attends her local church each week and regularly prays and reads religious texts. Her religious faith is important to her and shapes how she lives her life. She is most likely to have what type of religious worldview?
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In Western countries, conflict with parents .
In Western countries, conflict with parents .
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Who comprises the source of adolescents’ happiest experiences?
Who comprises the source of adolescents’ happiest experiences?
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On the basis of anthropological evidence, New Zealand would be considered a(n) culture in terms of its cultural beliefs about the acceptability (or not) of premarital sex.
On the basis of anthropological evidence, New Zealand would be considered a(n) culture in terms of its cultural beliefs about the acceptability (or not) of premarital sex.
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Research on the media use of adolescents .
Research on the media use of adolescents .
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Which of the following best describes the relationships between age and crime?
Which of the following best describes the relationships between age and crime?
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Which of the following statements about depression is most accurate?
Which of the following statements about depression is most accurate?
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Study Notes
Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Breasts, pubic hair, and widening of the hips are all secondary sex characteristics. Oestradiol is a female sex hormone not a secondary sex characteristic.
Puberty Onset & Risk
- Adolescents who experience early puberty are more at risk for substance use and delinquency than their peers.
Timing of Puberty
- Tran, living in a Western country in an urban setting, can expect to experience puberty earlier than her ancestral lineage.
Traditional Cultures
- Courage, strength, and endurance are often emphasized in traditional cultures' coming-of-age rituals for young men, as they are seen as essential for survival and societal roles.
Menarche & Spermarche
- Menarche refers to a female's first menstrual period.
- Spermarche is the first occurrence of ejaculation in males.
Eating Disorders
- Eating disorders are often characterized by an intense preoccupation with weight and body image, sometimes leading to unhealthy eating habits.
Vanessa's Eating Habits
- Vanessa's concerns about her weight, her dieting behavior, and occasional fasting suggest she may be exhibiting symptoms of an eating disorder.
Cigarette Smoking Rates
- Cigarette smoking rates in young people have decreased significantly in the past 10–15 years.
Adolescent Drinking
- An adolescent with strong family connections, positive peer influences, and involvement in extracurricular activities is less likely to be a heavy drinker.
Imogen's Substance Use
- Imogen's pattern of using substances with friends at parties is classified as recreational substance use.
Piaget's Stage of Reasoning
- The nephew's bike repair demonstrates formal operational thinking, a stage in Piaget's theory where adolescents develop abstract reasoning skills.
Formal Operational Thinking
- Adolescents' ability to think hypothetically and reason about abstract concepts is a key characteristic of formal operational thinking.
Long-Term Memory
- Long-term memory has a virtually limitless capacity.
Jace's Driving
- Jace displays personal fable thinking, believing he is unique and immune to the consequences of his actions.
Sarah's Crochet
- Sarah is demonstrating scaffolding, where a more skilled individual provides support and guidance for a less skilled learner to achieve new skills.
Secondary Schools
- Western countries typically have **three types of secondary schools:**general education, vocational, and technical.
Academic Achievement
- Asian countries consistently score high in math and science compared to students in other countries.
School-Based Apprenticeships
- A key disadvantage of a school-based apprenticeship is its limited career options, as it may focus solely on a specific trade.
Work During Adolescence
- Work during adolescence can be beneficial, providing valuable work experience and financial independence, but it can also impact academics and free time.
Experience Sampling Method
- Dr Rose likely uses the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to study adolescents' emotional experiences, mood changes, and daily activities.
Happy Times
- Adolescents experience less time as "very happy" compared to preadolescents.
Emotions
- Adolescents report feeling more negative emotions such as sadness, anger, and stress compared to their parents.
Jane's Online Identity
- Jane's Facebook posts reflect her ideal self, presenting a positive and idealized version of her life.
Self-Esteem
- Physical appearance is the most significant factor influencing global self-esteem during adolescence.
Charlotte's Self-Esteem
- Charlotte's self-esteem is likely to be lowest during early adolescence, around age 12, as she navigates body changes and social challenges.
Moral Development
- Kohlberg's theory of moral development emphasizes universal stages, which has been challenged by Shweder who emphasizes the cultural context influencing moral reasoning.
Kohlberg's Theory
- Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been challenged by cross-cultural research, suggesting it may not be universally applicable.
Religious Faith
- Religious faith and practices can positively contribute to moral development, social development, and mental health.
Religious Worldview
- Kate's religious identity is intrinsic, as she identifies as Catholic despite not actively practicing.
Parent-Child Interactions
- Adolescents and their parents spend an average of one hour together each day in shared activities, with watching TV being the most common activity.
Conflict in Adolescence
- Conflict in adolescence is normal and can be beneficial as it helps adolescents establish their independence and autonomy.
Sanjay's Friend Group
- Sanjay's small group of close friends is a clique.
Features of Friendships
- Intimacy and reciprocal trust are key features of friendships for adolescents in Western cultures.
Bronte's Relationship
- Bronte and her family live in a more permissive culture with regards to adolescent sexuality.
Media Use
- Adolescents' media use can positively enhance social connection and information access, but it can also negatively lead to cyberbullying and unhealthy self-comparisons.
Delinquent Behaviour
- A biological perspective suggests that immature brain development might be a factor in adolescent delinquent behavior.
Joe's Behaviour
- Joe would be considered a life-course-persistent offender according to Moffitt's theory, as his delinquent behavior persisted from adolescence into adulthood.
Sadreana's Treatment
- Sadreana's treatment likely involves a combination of therapy, medication, and support groups, depending on the severity of her depression.
Depression
- Depression is a common mental health challenge, with many experiencing symptoms during adolescence.
Resilience Factors
- Having supportive relationships, coping skills, and a sense of purpose are protective factors for adolescents facing risk factors.
Hormones
- Oestradiol is the primary female sex hormone and testosterone is the primary male sex hormone.
Pubertal Timing
- Pubertal timing varies greatly from person to person, influenced by genetics, environment, and other factors.
Puberty Rituals
- Puberty rituals are often cross-culturally found and provide adolescents with a sense of identity and belonging.
Paige's Eating Disorder
- Paige's symptoms suggest anorexia nervosa.
Substance Use
- Paige's substance use is maladaptive, as she uses alcohol to manage negative emotions.
Formal Operational Thinking
- Adolescent reasoning is more abstract and complex compared to childhood concrete thinking.
Formal Operational Thinking Across Cultures
- Research suggests that formal operational thinking is not universally attained, and cultural factors often play a role in how individuals develop abstract reasoning skills.
Cognitive Skills
- A 14-year-old will find it easier to multitask than his 7-year-old brother because he is better at dividing attention and processing information.
Jonah's Thinking
- Jonah's belief suggests idealistic thought, often seen in adolescents, where they believe they are immune to negative consequences.
Alexis' Knitting
- Alexis demonstrates autonomous learning, where learners become increasingly independent and self-directed in their learning process.
School Systems in Asian Countries
- Schools in Asian countries are more focused on academics and standardized tests, with less emphasis on creativity and personal exploration compared to Western countries.
Part-Time Work
- Adolescents who work part-time in developed countries may experience negative effects on both academics and social life.
Experience Sampling Method
- A developmental psychologist would likely use ESM to gather real-time data on adolescents' experiences and behaviors in everyday situations
False Self
- Adolescents tend to present false selves to authority figures like teachers, and parents, while displaying their true selves with close friends.
Traditional Cultures
- In traditional cultures, girls transition into womanhood through rituals and social practices, often associated with puberty.
Kohlberg's Stages
- Research on Kohlberg's stages of moral development has shown that moral development typically progresses through stages, with individuals becoming more sophisticated in their moral reasoning.
Religious Worldview
- Evelyn holds a committed religious worldview, as faith plays a significant role in her life.
Conflict with Parents
- In Western countries, conflict with parents peaks during early adolescence and decreases later.
Happy Experiences
- Adolescents tend to be happiest when they are with their friends.
Premarital Sex
- New Zealand would be categorized as a permissive culture regarding premarital sex, as it is less restrictive compared to many other cultures.
Media Use
- Research on adolescent media use suggests that media access and engagement can have both positive and negative implications, depending on how individuals engage with media.
Age and Crime
- The relationship between age and crime generally shows a peak in criminal activity during adolescence or late adolescence, followed by a decline into adulthood.
Depression
- Depression can be effectively treated with therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.
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