Podcast
Questions and Answers
A patient presents with a soft, painless, cauliflower-like growth in their oral cavity. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?
A patient presents with a soft, painless, cauliflower-like growth in their oral cavity. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?
- Squamous Cell Papilloma (correct)
- Leaf Fibroma
- Fibrous Hyperplasia
- Giant Cell Epulis
Which of the following management strategies is MOST appropriate for a patient diagnosed with denture-induced hyperplasia?
Which of the following management strategies is MOST appropriate for a patient diagnosed with denture-induced hyperplasia?
- Immediate surgical excision of the hyperplastic tissue.
- Prescribing a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
- Adjusting the denture and monitoring the tissue for regression. (correct)
- Applying topical corticosteroids to the affected area.
A patient presents with a tumor-like enlargement on their gingiva. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with a tumor-like enlargement on their gingiva. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
- Lipoma
- Epulis (correct)
- Papilloma
- Fibroma
A pregnant patient develops a red, rapidly growing lesion on her gingiva. Which type of epulis is MOST likely?
A pregnant patient develops a red, rapidly growing lesion on her gingiva. Which type of epulis is MOST likely?
A radiograph of a patient with a suspected Giant Cell Epulis reveals a significant radiolucency. Which additional diagnostic test would be MOST beneficial in confirming the diagnosis and ruling out other conditions?
A radiograph of a patient with a suspected Giant Cell Epulis reveals a significant radiolucency. Which additional diagnostic test would be MOST beneficial in confirming the diagnosis and ruling out other conditions?
A patient is diagnosed with Brown's tumor. Which underlying systemic condition is MOST likely contributing to the development of this lesion?
A patient is diagnosed with Brown's tumor. Which underlying systemic condition is MOST likely contributing to the development of this lesion?
A patient wearing dentures presents with nodular overgrowth of the palatal mucosa that follows the denture outline. Which condition is MOST likely?
A patient wearing dentures presents with nodular overgrowth of the palatal mucosa that follows the denture outline. Which condition is MOST likely?
A patient taking medication for hypertension develops bulbous interdental papillae and firm, pale gingiva. Which condition is MOST likely?
A patient taking medication for hypertension develops bulbous interdental papillae and firm, pale gingiva. Which condition is MOST likely?
A patient presents with cobblestone buccal mucosa, mucosal tags, ulcers, nodular gingivitis, and glossitis. Which condition is MOST likely associated with these orofacial manifestations?
A patient presents with cobblestone buccal mucosa, mucosal tags, ulcers, nodular gingivitis, and glossitis. Which condition is MOST likely associated with these orofacial manifestations?
A patient experiences sudden edema of the lower dermis, subcutis, and mucosa. Which condition is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms?
A patient experiences sudden edema of the lower dermis, subcutis, and mucosa. Which condition is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms?
A patient is diagnosed with a systemic disease characterized by granulomas in multiple organs, including the oral cavity. Which condition BEST aligns with this presentation?
A patient is diagnosed with a systemic disease characterized by granulomas in multiple organs, including the oral cavity. Which condition BEST aligns with this presentation?
A young patient exhibits a rapid onset of systemic symptoms, mucosal pallor, and gingival enlargement. Which condition should be of MOST concern?
A young patient exhibits a rapid onset of systemic symptoms, mucosal pallor, and gingival enlargement. Which condition should be of MOST concern?
A patient presents with a marked proliferation of gingival tissue that covers their teeth. Which condition is MOST likely responsible for this?
A patient presents with a marked proliferation of gingival tissue that covers their teeth. Which condition is MOST likely responsible for this?
A patient is found to have ectopic thyroid tissue at the back of their tongue, causing difficulty swallowing. Which condition BEST describes this?
A patient is found to have ectopic thyroid tissue at the back of their tongue, causing difficulty swallowing. Which condition BEST describes this?
A patient presents with localized bony growths on the jaws that interfere with the placement of a prosthetic device. Which developmental defect is MOST likely present?
A patient presents with localized bony growths on the jaws that interfere with the placement of a prosthetic device. Which developmental defect is MOST likely present?
A patient presents with chronic swelling and firmness in the oral tissues, but without the cobblestone appearance typical of Crohn's. Which condition is MOST likely?
A patient presents with chronic swelling and firmness in the oral tissues, but without the cobblestone appearance typical of Crohn's. Which condition is MOST likely?
A patient presents with a bright red, non-compressible nodule that was present at birth and has shown signs of involution. Which condition is most likely?
A patient presents with a bright red, non-compressible nodule that was present at birth and has shown signs of involution. Which condition is most likely?
Which vascular malformation is characterized by congenital presentation and potential distribution along the trigeminal nerve?
Which vascular malformation is characterized by congenital presentation and potential distribution along the trigeminal nerve?
A patient presents with frequent nosebleeds and oral lesions consisting of distended blood vessels. Which inherited condition is the most likely cause?
A patient presents with frequent nosebleeds and oral lesions consisting of distended blood vessels. Which inherited condition is the most likely cause?
A patient reports persistent pain at the site of a previous dental extraction and an examination reveals a small nodule in the same area. Palpation of the nodule elicits a sharp, shooting pain. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient reports persistent pain at the site of a previous dental extraction and an examination reveals a small nodule in the same area. Palpation of the nodule elicits a sharp, shooting pain. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient is diagnosed with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B). Which oral manifestation is most closely associated with this condition?
A patient is diagnosed with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B). Which oral manifestation is most closely associated with this condition?
A middle-aged patient presents with a soft, smooth, and painless swelling on the buccal mucosa. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A middle-aged patient presents with a soft, smooth, and painless swelling on the buccal mucosa. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A young patient presents with a bluish, fluctuant swelling on the lower lip that occasionally ruptures and refills. What condition is most likely?
A young patient presents with a bluish, fluctuant swelling on the lower lip that occasionally ruptures and refills. What condition is most likely?
A patient presents with a mucocele-like lesion on the floor of their mouth, exhibiting a frog-belly appearance. Which specific type of mucocele is this?
A patient presents with a mucocele-like lesion on the floor of their mouth, exhibiting a frog-belly appearance. Which specific type of mucocele is this?
A patient presents with a rapidly growing, ulcerated lesion on the hard palate. The patient reports that it appeared suddenly and is quite painful. Which condition is most likely?
A patient presents with a rapidly growing, ulcerated lesion on the hard palate. The patient reports that it appeared suddenly and is quite painful. Which condition is most likely?
A child presents with painful swelling of the parotid glands, accompanied by fever and malaise. Which infectious disease is the most likely cause?
A child presents with painful swelling of the parotid glands, accompanied by fever and malaise. Which infectious disease is the most likely cause?
What is the most common benign salivary gland tumor?
What is the most common benign salivary gland tumor?
Which cyst is characterized by its potential to occur in the incisive canal and may appear as a radiolucency on radiographs?
Which cyst is characterized by its potential to occur in the incisive canal and may appear as a radiolucency on radiographs?
A patient presents with a rare cyst in the nasolabial fold. Which type of cyst is most likely affecting this patient?
A patient presents with a rare cyst in the nasolabial fold. Which type of cyst is most likely affecting this patient?
Which malignant tumor is commonly found in the salivary glands and can vary in aggressiveness depending on its grade?
Which malignant tumor is commonly found in the salivary glands and can vary in aggressiveness depending on its grade?
Which odontogenic cyst is MOST likely to be found around the crown of an unerupted tooth?
Which odontogenic cyst is MOST likely to be found around the crown of an unerupted tooth?
A patient with a history of alcoholism and diabetes presents with bilateral, non-inflammatory enlargement of the parotid glands. What condition is the most likely cause?
A patient with a history of alcoholism and diabetes presents with bilateral, non-inflammatory enlargement of the parotid glands. What condition is the most likely cause?
Following a surgical procedure, a patient develops a painful nodule at the incision site. Which type of neuroma is the most likely cause?
Following a surgical procedure, a patient develops a painful nodule at the incision site. Which type of neuroma is the most likely cause?
Following extraction of a tooth a cyst remains in the alveolar bone. What type of cyst is this MOST likely to be?
Following extraction of a tooth a cyst remains in the alveolar bone. What type of cyst is this MOST likely to be?
A patient presents with a slow-growing, painless nodule on the tongue that is well-defined and encapsulated. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with a slow-growing, painless nodule on the tongue that is well-defined and encapsulated. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Why might an odontogenic keratocyst require more aggressive treatment than other cysts?
Why might an odontogenic keratocyst require more aggressive treatment than other cysts?
A rare cyst is located within the jaw bone alongside the lateral aspect of a tooth. Which type of cyst is it MOST likely to be?
A rare cyst is located within the jaw bone alongside the lateral aspect of a tooth. Which type of cyst is it MOST likely to be?
A newborn presents with small nodules on the gingiva. Which cyst is MOST likely present?
A newborn presents with small nodules on the gingiva. Which cyst is MOST likely present?
A patient has a developmental cyst above the hyoid bone. What type of cyst is this MOST likely to be?
A patient has a developmental cyst above the hyoid bone. What type of cyst is this MOST likely to be?
A patient presents with a persistent, slow-growing, exophytic, warty tumor in the oral cavity. Which malignancy does this describe?
A patient presents with a persistent, slow-growing, exophytic, warty tumor in the oral cavity. Which malignancy does this describe?
Which type of lymphoma is highly aggressive and often associated with the Epstein-Barr virus?
Which type of lymphoma is highly aggressive and often associated with the Epstein-Barr virus?
Enlarged cervical lymph nodes are a characteristic of which condition?
Enlarged cervical lymph nodes are a characteristic of which condition?
Which management approach is MOST appropriate for gingival cysts in infants?
Which management approach is MOST appropriate for gingival cysts in infants?
What is the MOST common initial presentation of carcinoma in the oral cavity?
What is the MOST common initial presentation of carcinoma in the oral cavity?
Which characteristic is MOST indicative of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma affecting intraoral sites?
Which characteristic is MOST indicative of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma affecting intraoral sites?
Radiation therapy is a primary treatment modality for which type of cancer due to its sensitivity and anatomical location?
Radiation therapy is a primary treatment modality for which type of cancer due to its sensitivity and anatomical location?
What is the MOST critical step in managing Fibroepithelial Polyps/Fibrous Hyperplasia to prevent recurrence?
What is the MOST critical step in managing Fibroepithelial Polyps/Fibrous Hyperplasia to prevent recurrence?
A patient presents with a Leaf Fibroma under their denture. Besides excision, what is an essential step in managing this condition?
A patient presents with a Leaf Fibroma under their denture. Besides excision, what is an essential step in managing this condition?
What is the initial, PRIMARY intervention for managing Denture-Induced Hyperplasia?
What is the initial, PRIMARY intervention for managing Denture-Induced Hyperplasia?
When managing Vascular/Granulomatous Epulis, which approach is MOST appropriate for preventing recurrence after excision?
When managing Vascular/Granulomatous Epulis, which approach is MOST appropriate for preventing recurrence after excision?
What additional test is beneficial in managing a patient with Giant Cell Epulis (Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma)?
What additional test is beneficial in managing a patient with Giant Cell Epulis (Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma)?
A patient is diagnosed with Brown's tumor in the mandible. What is the MOST appropriate initial step in the overall management of this condition?
A patient is diagnosed with Brown's tumor in the mandible. What is the MOST appropriate initial step in the overall management of this condition?
What is the PRIMARY focus when managing Soft Tissue Papillary Hyperplasia of the Palate?
What is the PRIMARY focus when managing Soft Tissue Papillary Hyperplasia of the Palate?
A patient on medication develops Drug-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia in the anterior region. What is the MOST effective long-term strategy?
A patient on medication develops Drug-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia in the anterior region. What is the MOST effective long-term strategy?
A patient presents with persistent swelling and firmness in their oral tissues, but lacks the cobblestone appearance typically seen in Crohn's disease. Which condition is MOST likely?
A patient presents with persistent swelling and firmness in their oral tissues, but lacks the cobblestone appearance typically seen in Crohn's disease. Which condition is MOST likely?
A patient presents with cobblestone buccal mucosa, mucosal tags, and nodular gingivitis. Which condition is MOST likely associated with these orofacial manifestations?
A patient presents with cobblestone buccal mucosa, mucosal tags, and nodular gingivitis. Which condition is MOST likely associated with these orofacial manifestations?
A patient diagnosed with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is MOST likely to also report which set of symptoms?
A patient diagnosed with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is MOST likely to also report which set of symptoms?
A patient is diagnosed with sarcoidosis. The oral manifestations of this disease are MOST likely related to which systemic process?
A patient is diagnosed with sarcoidosis. The oral manifestations of this disease are MOST likely related to which systemic process?
A patient experiences sudden edema of the lower dermis and mucosa, but no sign of allergic reaction. Which condition is MOST likely?
A patient experiences sudden edema of the lower dermis and mucosa, but no sign of allergic reaction. Which condition is MOST likely?
A young patient presents with a marked proliferation of gingival tissue that covers their teeth, and has other family members with the same condition. Which condition is MOST likely responsible for this?
A young patient presents with a marked proliferation of gingival tissue that covers their teeth, and has other family members with the same condition. Which condition is MOST likely responsible for this?
A patient presents with localized bony growths on the jaws interfering with the placement of a prosthetic device. Which developmental defect is MOST likely present?
A patient presents with localized bony growths on the jaws interfering with the placement of a prosthetic device. Which developmental defect is MOST likely present?
A patient presents with significant bleeding from distended blood vessels in their oral mucosa and frequent nosebleeds. Which inherited condition is MOST likely?
A patient presents with significant bleeding from distended blood vessels in their oral mucosa and frequent nosebleeds. Which inherited condition is MOST likely?
What is the PRIMARY focus of management for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia?
What is the PRIMARY focus of management for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia?
Following a dental extraction, a patient experiences persistent pain at the extraction site and develops a small, painful nodule. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
Following a dental extraction, a patient experiences persistent pain at the extraction site and develops a small, painful nodule. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with a slow-growing, painless nodule on the tongue that is well-defined and encapsulated. Which type of neuroma is MOST likely?
A patient presents with a slow-growing, painless nodule on the tongue that is well-defined and encapsulated. Which type of neuroma is MOST likely?
A patient diagnosed with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) exhibits several nodules on the mucosal surfaces of their lips and tongue. What is the MOST likely diagnosis for these oral lesions?
A patient diagnosed with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) exhibits several nodules on the mucosal surfaces of their lips and tongue. What is the MOST likely diagnosis for these oral lesions?
A patient presents with a bluish, fluctuant swelling on the lower lip that occasionally ruptures and refills. What condition is MOST likely?
A patient presents with a bluish, fluctuant swelling on the lower lip that occasionally ruptures and refills. What condition is MOST likely?
A patient presents with a rapidly growing ulcerated lesion on the hard palate that is painful, and reports this appeared suddenly. Which condition is MOST likely?
A patient presents with a rapidly growing ulcerated lesion on the hard palate that is painful, and reports this appeared suddenly. Which condition is MOST likely?
What is the MOST common benign tumor of the salivary glands?
What is the MOST common benign tumor of the salivary glands?
What distinguishes a mucus extravasation cyst from a mucus retention cyst?
What distinguishes a mucus extravasation cyst from a mucus retention cyst?
Which vascular lesion is characterized by a congenital presentation and potential distribution along the trigeminal nerve?
Which vascular lesion is characterized by a congenital presentation and potential distribution along the trigeminal nerve?
Which factor is MOST crucial in managing sialosis?
Which factor is MOST crucial in managing sialosis?
Which of the following odontogenic cysts is MOST likely to exhibit aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate if not properly managed?
Which of the following odontogenic cysts is MOST likely to exhibit aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate if not properly managed?
A radiograph reveals a radiolucent lesion around the crown of an unerupted mandibular third molar. Which of the following cysts is MOST likely?
A radiograph reveals a radiolucent lesion around the crown of an unerupted mandibular third molar. Which of the following cysts is MOST likely?
Which cyst is associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth due to pulpal necrosis?
Which cyst is associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth due to pulpal necrosis?
A patient presents with a small, dome-shaped swelling on the attached gingiva. The lesion is diagnosed as a gingival cyst of the adult. What is the MOST appropriate treatment?
A patient presents with a small, dome-shaped swelling on the attached gingiva. The lesion is diagnosed as a gingival cyst of the adult. What is the MOST appropriate treatment?
Which cyst is MOST likely to be observed and monitored in newborns due to its tendency to resolve spontaneously?
Which cyst is MOST likely to be observed and monitored in newborns due to its tendency to resolve spontaneously?
A radiograph reveals a well-defined radiolucency located in the midline of the anterior maxilla near the incisive canal. Which of the following developmental cysts is MOST likely?
A radiograph reveals a well-defined radiolucency located in the midline of the anterior maxilla near the incisive canal. Which of the following developmental cysts is MOST likely?
A patient presents with a rare cyst located in the nasolabial fold. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with a rare cyst located in the nasolabial fold. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?
Which developmental cyst is associated with the floor of the mouth and may be found above the hyoid bone?
Which developmental cyst is associated with the floor of the mouth and may be found above the hyoid bone?
What is the MOST appropriate initial treatment for a patient diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)?
What is the MOST appropriate initial treatment for a patient diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)?
A patient presents with a slow-growing, exophytic, warty lesion in the oral cavity. Which of the following malignancies is MOST likely?
A patient presents with a slow-growing, exophytic, warty lesion in the oral cavity. Which of the following malignancies is MOST likely?
What is the MOST common initial sign or symptom associated with carcinoma in the oral cavity?
What is the MOST common initial sign or symptom associated with carcinoma in the oral cavity?
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma is strongly associated with which of the following viruses?
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma is strongly associated with which of the following viruses?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of lymphomas, particularly Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of lymphomas, particularly Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's?
Which lymphoma is known for its aggressive nature and common association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
Which lymphoma is known for its aggressive nature and common association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
A patient is diagnosed with MALT lymphoma affecting the salivary glands. Which treatment approach is MOST likely to be considered?
A patient is diagnosed with MALT lymphoma affecting the salivary glands. Which treatment approach is MOST likely to be considered?
Flashcards
Fibroepithelial Polyp
Fibroepithelial Polyp
Most common soft tissue 'tumor', often on a stalk, same color as the surrounding tissue, and usually painless.
Leaf Fibroma
Leaf Fibroma
Occurs under dentures; appears as a pedunculated growth of tissue.
Denture-Induced Hyperplasia
Denture-Induced Hyperplasia
Tissue overgrowth due to an overextended denture.
Squamous Cell Papilloma
Squamous Cell Papilloma
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Epulis
Epulis
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Fibrous Epulis
Fibrous Epulis
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Vascular Epulis
Vascular Epulis
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Giant Cell Epulis
Giant Cell Epulis
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Cyst
Cyst
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Enucleation
Enucleation
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Resection
Resection
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Marsupialization
Marsupialization
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Radicular/Residual Cyst
Radicular/Residual Cyst
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Dentigerous Cyst
Dentigerous Cyst
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Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)
Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)
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Lateral Periodontal Cyst
Lateral Periodontal Cyst
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Nasopalatine Duct Cyst
Nasopalatine Duct Cyst
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Nasolabial Cyst
Nasolabial Cyst
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Orofacial Granulomatosis
Orofacial Granulomatosis
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Carcinoma
Carcinoma
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Crohn's Oral Manifestations
Crohn's Oral Manifestations
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Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis
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Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)
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Verrucous Carcinoma
Verrucous Carcinoma
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Angioedema
Angioedema
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Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis
Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis
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Oropharyngeal Carcinoma
Oropharyngeal Carcinoma
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Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
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Acute Leukemia
Acute Leukemia
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Exostoses
Exostoses
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Lingual Thyroid
Lingual Thyroid
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Haemangioma
Haemangioma
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Capillary & Cavernous Haemangiomas
Capillary & Cavernous Haemangiomas
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Port Wine Stain
Port Wine Stain
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Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia
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Neuroma
Neuroma
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Traumatic Neuroma
Traumatic Neuroma
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Solitary Circumscribed Neuroma
Solitary Circumscribed Neuroma
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Mucosal Neuroma
Mucosal Neuroma
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Lipoma
Lipoma
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Mucocele
Mucocele
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Mucous Extravasation Cyst
Mucous Extravasation Cyst
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Mucus Retention Cyst
Mucus Retention Cyst
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Ranula
Ranula
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Reactive Necrotising Sialometaplasia
Reactive Necrotising Sialometaplasia
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Sialosis
Sialosis
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Pyogenic Epulis/Pregnancy Tumour
Pyogenic Epulis/Pregnancy Tumour
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Brown's Tumour
Brown's Tumour
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Soft Tissue Papillary Hyperplasia of the Palate
Soft Tissue Papillary Hyperplasia of the Palate
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Drug-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia
Drug-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia
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Oral lesions
Oral lesions
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Vascular Haemangioma
Vascular Haemangioma
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Mumps
Mumps
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Crohn's Disease
Crohn's Disease
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
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Gingival Cyst (Adult)
Gingival Cyst (Adult)
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Gingival Cyst (Infant)
Gingival Cyst (Infant)
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Malignant Connective Tissue Tumours
Malignant Connective Tissue Tumours
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Lymphomas
Lymphomas
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Study Notes
Fibroepithelial Polyp/Fibrous Hyperplasia
- The most common soft tissue tumor
- Typically pedunculated or sessile
- Mucosal colored, firm, and painless unless traumatized
- Managed via Excision, cryotherapy, and electrocautery
- Addressing the cause is crucial for prevention
Leaf Fibroma
- Occurs under full and partial dentures, and is very pedunculated
- Managed via excision to a lab for biopsy
Denture Induced Hyperplasia
- Overextended denture leading to hyperplasia
- Managed via denture adjustment and monitoring for regression
Squamous Cell Papilloma
- Soft, painless, cauliflower-like growth that is benign
- Linked with HPV, local irritation, friction, or trauma
- Managed via excision with a margin, cryotherapy, or electrocautery
Epulis
- Tumor-like enlargement on the gingival or alveolar mucosa
- Managed depending on type and often involves excision
Fibrous Epulis
- Common in anterior teeth, localized swelling on the gingiva
- Managed via surgical removal, addressing underlying causes like plaque or calculus deposits
Vascular Epulis/Granulomatous Epulis
- Hyperplastic response to chronic irritation, red, fleshy, with a fibrinous crust
- Managed similarly to pyogenic granulomas, usually involving excision
Pyogenic/Pregnancy Epulis
- Inflammation and vascularization, red/blue/purple growth
- Overgrowth of vascular granulation tissue
- Managed via oral hygiene instruction, excision, review, and possible cauterization with silver nitrate
Giant Cell Epulis/Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
- Overgrowth of tissue due to irritation or trauma, soft/blue/red appearance
- Vascular fibrous tissue with multinucleate giant cells, lots of collagen and osteoclast-like cells
- Diagnosis involves radiographs for lucency, biochemical tests, blood tests, excision, and curettage, and also bone loss
Brown's Tumour
- Due to elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH), causes thinning of bone cortex
- Managed via removal of affected parathyroid glands
Soft Tissue Papillary Hyperplasia of the Palate
- Rare, nodular overgrowth of palatal mucosa that follows denture outline
- Managed via relining or new dentures, improving denture hygiene, and surgical removal of papillary projections
Drug-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia
- Bulbous interdental papillae, firm/pale gingiva
- Managed via oral hygiene instruction, medication change, and surgical reduction
Vascular Haemangioma and Vascular Malformations
- Includes arteriovenous, venous, capillary, cavernous haemangiomas, and port wine stains
- Often self-resolving, intervention for cosmetic purposes like laser therapy
Haemangioma
- Present from birth, highly proliferative initially then undergoes involution
- Bright red, non-compressible papule/nodule/plaque/mass
- Managed via observation, with possible intervention if problematic
Capillary and Cavernous Haemangiomas
- Capillary are flat lesions
- Cavernous are nodular lesions with large, dilated sinuses
- Self-resolving in infancy, excision if needed
Arteriovenous and Venous Malformations
- Present from birth, can be pulsatile due to overgrowth of multiple aberrant cells
- Managed via embolization and further scans if necessary
Port Wine Stains
- Congenital vascular malformations that may follow trigeminal nerve distribution
- Managed with laser therapy for cosmetic purposes
Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia
- Autosomal dominant disorder causing distended blood vessels prone to bleeding
- Management focuses on controlling bleeding episodes
Neuroma
- Types include traumatic, solitary circumscribed, and mucosal
- Nodule of nerve tissue that can be painful
- Managed via surgical removal if symptomatic
Traumatic Neuroma
- Arises after nerve damage, typically due to surgical procedures, trauma, or dental extractions and may present as a painful nodule at the site of injury.
- Treatment often involves surgical removal of the neuroma if symptomatic, along with careful dissection to avoid further nerve damage, and also pain management
Solitary Circumscribed Neuroma
- Also known as a solitary benign schwannoma, this neuroma is a well-defined, often encapsulated, benign nerve sheath tumor
- Appears as a painless, firm, and slow-growing nodule, commonly located on the tongue, but can appear on other oral mucosal surfaces
- Complete surgical excision is usually curative, with a low rate of recurrence, and requires monitoring post-surgery
Mucosal Neuroma
- Typically associated with genetic conditions such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia and manifests as nodules or bumps on the mucosal surfaces, particularly the lips and tongue
- While surgical removal can be performed for symptomatic relief or cosmetic reasons, the presence of mucosal neuromas often warrants further investigation for associated systemic conditions like MEN 2B, involving genetic testing and endocrine evaluation
Neurofibroma
- Rare and can occur on the tongue, buccal mucosa
- Managed via monitoring or surgical removal if necessary
Lipoma
- Benign neoplasm of fat tissue, common in middle-aged and elderly, smooth, soft
- Managed via examination and excisional biopsy if necessary
Mucocele
- Types: Extravasation (most common), retention, and ranula
- Bluish, fluctuant swellings, commonly on the lower lip
- Can be difficult if ruptured but easier if it becomes fibrous and solid
Mucous Extravasation Cyst
- Typically found on the lower lip
- No epithelial lining, lined by granulation tissue due to a ruptured duct through trauma
- Tends to rupture and recur
Mucus Retention Cyst
- Found on the floor of the mouth, palatal, and buccal mucosa, caused by a blocked duct
- Managed via surgical removal and addressing the underlying cause
Ranula
- Mucocele on the floor of the mouth, frog-belly like mucus colored swelling
- Managed via ductal repair if possible, removal of cyst and affected salivary gland tissue
Reactive Necrotising Sialometaplasia
- Rapid growth with swelling and ulcerated surface that is common in minor salivary glands
- Requires urgent referral for biopsy, and spontaneous healing within 6-8 weeks
Mumps (Viral Salivary Gland Infection)
- Infectious viral disease primarily affecting the parotid glands, causing painful swelling, fever, and malaise
- Common in children but can affect adults and is spread through respiratory droplets
- Managed via supportive care including hydration, pain relief, and fever management, vaccination (MMR vaccine) is the most effective prevention method
Pleomorphic Adenoma (Benign Tumor of Salivary Glands
- Most common benign tumor of the salivary glands, usually presenting as a painless, slow-growing mass in the parotid gland
- Managed via surgical excision with careful technique to preserve facial nerve function, as recurrence can occur if the tumor is ruptured during removal
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (Malignant Tumor of Salivary Glands
- Most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands, presenting as a painless mass, which may increase in size and can vary in aggressiveness depending on the grade of the tumor
- Surgical resection is typically required, possibly followed by radiation therapy depending on the tumor grade and stage
Sialosis (Salivary Gland Enlargement)
- Non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic enlargement of the salivary glands, often bilateral and associated with systemic diseases such as diabetes, alcoholism, and eating disorders
- Characterized by acinar cell hypertrophy and sometimes hyperplasia
- Management: Addressing the underlying cause is crucial, including managing diabetes, reducing alcohol intake, or treating nutritional disorders, and surgery is rarely needed unless for diagnostic confirmation
Odontogenic Cysts Radicular and Residual Cysts
- Formed in relation to the apex of a non-vital tooth or remaining after tooth extraction
- Managed via enucleation or other surgical treatments to remove the cyst completely. RCT – APICECTOMY
Dentigerous Cyst
- Cyst around the crown of an unerupted tooth, more common in males
- Managed via enucleation with removal of the unerupted tooth or marsupialization
Odontogenic Keratocyst
- Occurs in the mandible
- Potentially aggressive with a tendency to recur
- Managed via enucleation, careful monitoring for recurrence, and possible aggressive surgical options if recurrent
Lateral Periodontal Cyst
- Rare, occurs within the jaw bone alongside the lateral aspect of a tooth
- Managed via surgical excision which is typically straightforward due to the cyst's small size
Gingival Cyst of Adult
- Rare, forms dome-shaped swelling, sometimes causing bone erosion
- Managed via excision which is typically curative with no recurrence expected
Gingival Cyst of Infants
- Common in newborns, small nodules or cysts in the gingiva, often resolving spontaneously
- Managed via observation as they usually resolve on their own
Nasopalatine Duct Cyst
- Located at the incisive canal, potentially asymptomatic, can be seen on radiographs as a radiolucency
- Managed via enucleation which is usually curative
Nasolabial Cyst
- Rare, occurs in the nasolabial fold, more common in females
- Managed via complete surgical excision
Dermoid Cyst (Sublingual)
- Developmental cyst above the hyoid bone, can be confused with a ranula
- Management: Surgical excision
Epidermoid Cyst
- Contains keratin, typically occurs in the skin but can appear in oral locations
- Managed via surgical excision
Ameloblastoma
- Benign but locally aggressive odontogenic tumor, often in the mandible
- Managed via surgical excision which may require extensive surgery depending on the size and location
Carcinoma
- Typically presents with a persistent ulcer or mass in the mouth
- Can invade local tissues and spread to lymph nodes
- Managed via surgical removal, often in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)
- Most common type of oral cancer, may appear as a persistent white or red patch, ulcer, or growth
- Managed via surgical excision with margins, radiation, and chemotherapy depending on the stage and tumor location
Verrucous Carcinoma
- A variant of squamous cell carcinoma that presents as a slow-growing, exophytic, warty tumor
- Surgical removal is the mainstay, with careful attention to complete excision to prevent recurrence
Oropharyngeal Carcinoma
- Affects the oropharynx and is often related to HPV infection causing nose and ear bleeding
- Managed via surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy tailored to HPV status and tumor stage
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
- Commonly found in the nasopharynx and is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
- Predominantly radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy due to the tumor's sensitivity to radiation and its anatomical location
Malignant Connective Tissue Tumours
- Includes Verrucous Carcinoma
- Less common, can be more aggressive, presenting as larger masses often mistaken initially for benign growths
- Managed depending on the specific type and extent of the disease but often involves surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy
Lymphomas
- Types include Hodgkin’s, Non-Hodgkin’s, Burkitt’s and others
- Can present with enlarged lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, and night sweats
- Typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Common in adolescents and young adults and characterized by enlarged cervical lymph nodes (neck mass)
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- Typically occurs in adults and presents intraorally as a soft, painless swelling, which may ulcerate and cause adjacent bone resorption
- Also characterized by enlarged cervical lymph nodes (neck mass)
Burkitt's Lymphoma
- Highly aggressive form of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, often associated with Epstein-Barr virus
- Intensive chemotherapy and extra-nodal, endemic form affects the jaw and spreads to the parotid glands
MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) Lymphoma
- Lymphoma affecting mucosal sites, can involve salivary glands
- Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy depending on extent and specific location
Nasopharyngeal Extranodal NK/T-cell Lymphoma
- Aggressive lymphoma that can affect the upper respiratory tract
- Managed via aggressive chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Orofacial Granulomatosis
- Chronic inflammatory condition that can cause swelling and firmness in oral tissues
- Managed via dietary management, corticosteroids, and other immunosuppressive therapies
Crohn’s Disease (Orofacial Granulomatosis
- Causes cobblestone Buccal Mucosa, Mucosal Tags, Ulcers, Nodular gingivitis, and Glossitis
- Managed similarly to orofacial granulomatosis, focusing on symptom control and inflammation reduction
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- Causes abdominal pain, variable constipation or diarrhea, possible obstruction, and malabsorption
- Crohn’s Disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from mouth to anus, where mouth lesions can be a direct manifestation of the disease or due to malabsorption
- Management via antibiotics, antihistamines, corticosteroid injections, immunosuppressants, NSAIDs, and TNFα inhibitors
Sarcoidosis
- Systemic disease that can cause granulomas in multiple organs, including the oral cavity
- Managed with corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents
Angioedema
- Types include hereditary and acquired (allergic)
- Sudden edema of the lower dermis and subcutis, including the mucosa
- Acute attacks often require antihistamines or corticosteroids; hereditary forms may require C1-inhibitor replacement therapy
Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis
- Genetic disorder causing a marked proliferation of gingival tissue, which can cover teeth
- Undergoes Surgical resection of the overgrown gingival tissue, often recurs
Acute Leukaemia
- Rapid onset, affecting all ages, marked by significant systemic symptoms and oral manifestations like mucosal pallor, and gingival enlargement
- Management includes chemotherapy and supportive care for symptoms and complications
Developmental Defects (Exostoses)
- Localized bony growths on the jaws, which can interfere with prosthetic devices
- Removal is typically only necessary if they interfere with oral function or prosthetic placement
Lingual Thyroid
- Ectopic thyroid tissue located at the back of the tongue, may cause difficulty swallowing or speaking
- Confirm the presence of thyroid tissue elsewhere before removal because it may be the only thyroid tissue the patient has
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