Untitled

Aircraft Operations

• Amendment approved by the Council prior to August 29, 2018
• Supersedes all previous editions of Doc 8168, Volume I on November 8, 2018

Introduction

• Procedures for Air Navigation Services Aircraft Operations (PANS-OPS) consists of three volumes:
  • Volume I - Flight Procedures
  • Volume II - Construction of Visual and Instrument Flight Procedures
  • Volume III Aircraft Operating Procedures
• Volume I describes the operational requirements for flying procedures designed with the criteria in Volume II
• Volume II is intended for procedures specialists, and states the requirements for safe instrument operations
• Volume III contains procedures recommended for flight operations personnel and flight crew
• All three volumes present operational practices beyond Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs)
• PANS-OPS criteria assumes normal operations and requires operators to provide contingency plans for emergencies

Part I - Flight Procedures - General

• Section 1 contains description of terms used in procedures with particular technical meaning
• Terms defined in ICAO documents with provided list of abbreviations

Part II - Flight Procedure Requirements

• Section 1 provides general requirements applicable for all phases of flight.
• Instrument departure specifications were developed by the Obstacle Clearance Panel (OCP) in 1983
• Volume I material was developed from Volume II criteria for flight operations personnel and pilots
• En route obstacle clearance procedures were added to Volume I in 1996, simplified in 2004.
• The Operations Division first developed arrival procedures in 1949, and was approved in 1951, OCP updated in 1966
• Instrument approach procedures were completely revised, and incorporated into the PANS-OPS Volume I in 1980
• Holding procedures developed in 1949, approved in 1951
• Major revision completed in 1965, and divided in 1979 with flight operations in PANS-OPS Volume I
• New material introduced in 1982 included VOR/DME holding, helicopter procedures, buffer areas, entry procedures
• Changes regarding VOR TO/FROM error indications and holding speeds above 4,250 m (14,000 ft) were introduced

Procedures for use by helicopters

• This section specifies conditions for using criteria in Part II for helicopters
• Revisions at the third HELIOPS Panel meeting included operational constraints on helicopter descent gradient/airpseeds
• The fourth HELIOPS Panel meeting included specifications concerning flight procedures and obstacle clearance

General Requirements for Helicopter Procedures

• Sets out the requirements for helicopters operating to runways
• Requirements for helicopters for instrument approach procedures for Category A aeroplanes and those applicable for helicopters-only procedures to runways (CAT H)
• Also includes the point-in-space departure and approach procedures.

Status of Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS)

• PANS do not have the same status as SARPs
• The Council approves PANS and recommends them to Contracting States for global application.

Implementation

• Implementation of procedures depends on Contracting States and is applied only after States have enforced them
• Procedures prepared in language for direct use by operations personnel
• Uniform application of the basic procedures is very desirable
• Latitude is permitted for developing detailed procedures that may be needed to satisfy local conditions.

Definitions

• Aerodrome elevation is the elevation of the landing area’s highest point.
• When impossible to land at the intended aerodrome, an alternate aerodrome is where an aircraft can proceed
• Area minimum altitude (AMA) is the minimum altitude under IMC that provides obstacle clearance in a specified area
• Area navigation (RNAV) is a navigation method allowing aircraft operation on any desired flight path
• A balked landing is a landing maneuver unexpectedly discontinued below the OCA/H
• A base turn is a turn during initial approach between outbound track end, and start of the intermediate or final track

Definitions: part 2

• A circling approach combines an instrument procedure with visual circling before landing
• A continuous descent final approach (CDFA) is a stabilized approach where the final segment of a non-precision instrument approach is flown as a continuous descent
• Controlled airspace is airspace of defined dimensions with ATC service
• Decision altitude (DA) or decision height (DH) is a specified altitude or height in a 3D instrument approach operation
• A descent fix is established in a precision approach to eliminate certain obstacles before the FAP
• A Descent point (DP) is defined by track and distance from the MAPt to identify at which a helicopter may descend
• Direct visual segment (Direct-VS) is a visual segment designed as a leg in a PinS approach or a straight leg from IDF
• Elevation is the vertical distance of a point or level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured by MSL

Definitions: part 3

• Final approach and take-off area (FATO) is a defined area for completing final approach or commencing take-off
• Flight level (FL) is a surface of constant atmospheric pressure related to 1 013.2 hPa separated by pressure intervals
• GBAS landing system (GLS) uses GNSS, augmented by a ground-based augmentation system (GBAS)
• Heliport reference point (HRP) is the designated location of a heliport or a landing location
• Heading indicates the longitude in which longitudinal axis of aircraft is pointing.
• Height is the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, and measured from a specified datum
• Holding procedure keeps an aircraft within specified airspace while waiting for clearance
• Independent parallel departures are simultaneous departures from parallel or near-parallel runways
• Initial approach fix (IAF) marks the beginning of the initial segment and the end of the arrival segment
• Initial departure fix (IDF) is the terminal fix for the visual segment where the instrument phase begins
• Intermediate fix (IF) marks the end of initial segment, and beginning of the intermediate segment
• Landing Location: The marked or unmarked area that has the same physical characteristics as a visual heliport FATO.

Definitions: part 4

• Instrument approach operations uses navigation instruments for guidance based on a procedure
• Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV): The label to denote minima lines associated with APV-I performance ratings on approach charts.
• The Manoeuvring-VS (Visual Segment) is a PinS visual segment protected for maneuvers in the context of PinS departures and PinS approaches
• Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) or Height (MDH) has to be specified before you start operating a circling approach with instrument, without referring.
• Minimum En Route Altitude (MEA) provides radio reception, ATS communications and obstacle clearance all through your route.
• Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude (MOCA) provides obstacle clearance for identified segments.
• Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA) The lowest that will provide a minimum clearance of 300m/1000ft.
• Non-precision (NPA) approach procedure is the procedure designed for a 2D instrument approach designed by Type A
• Point-in-space (Pins) involves An approach for only those flying helicopters, incorporating both, visual and instrument segmentations
• Required Navigation Performance (RNP), Is the navigation performance statement required for operation within a defined airspace.
• Reference Datum Height (RDH), Height of the extended glide path/ the nominal vertical path along the runway.
• Segregated parallel operation, when runways operating in this mode, one is to approaches only, one is to departures only.
• Standard Instrument Arrival (STAR) Designated arrival route linking sig point, and point where instrument can be commenced.

Definitions: part 5

• Terminal Arrival Altitude (TAA), lowest altitude that will provide clearance of 300m/1000ft for circle of 46km radius.
• Track, the projection on a path usually expressed in degrees.
• Threshold (THR), Beginning of the Runway to be used to land the aircraft.

Miscellaneous

• All given units of measurements are in accordance to Annex 5.
• Values of parameters mostly in integers
• When parameter directly affects the pilot in their control of the aircraft, rounded as multiple of five.
• Rounding values published on charts meet the resolution requirements.

Departure Procedures

• It must be verified before starting in PBN route that, all instruments are operating including space based.
• PBN departures are used with a PBN requirement box
• A PBN departure is a procedure that contains RNAV and RNP segments.

General Requirements

• All engines are assumed operating and contingency is operator’s responsibility.
• The pilot must attempt to maintain track
• All numbers are based at 600m MSL and ISA +15°C

Use of flight Management system

Where RNAV is available, follow procedure, and comply with basic display raw data. Lead Radials are only to be used by Aircraft not-equipped with RNAV. Turning points may be specified in one of 3 ways.

• A designated altitude where turn is made
• A designated VOR facility
• A designated way point
• Speed control is a determination factor on the exterior in turns.
• For protected areas on turns read attachment A section 2.
• PBN includes additional restrictions.
• WGS-84 is used to provide system coordinates.

Cold Temperature Corrections

• Temperature in the atmosphere has a lower result of being lower when compared to the atmosphere and must be corrected.
• Minimums also must be corrected
• This includes: for initial & intermediate segments, DA/H etc and subsequent missed approach alt/heights.
• A stabilized navigation system is required.
• Temperature is protected on a 3-D approach and safeguarded by its design.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

• ACAS - Airborne Collision Avoidance System
• ADS-B - Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast
• APCH - Approach
• APV - Approach procedure with Vertical Guidance
• ARP - Aerodrome Reference Point

Abbreviations: part 2

• DME - Distance measuring Equipment
• DR - Dead reckoning
• FAF - Final Approach Fix
• FAS - Final Approach Segment
• FATO - Final Approach and Take-off Area
• GLS- GBAS Landing System
• HCH - Heliport Crossing Height
• HSI - Horizontal Situation indicator
• IAS - Indicated Airspeed

Units of Measurement

• In defining obstacle clearance areas, defined to ensure the aircraft stays contained in its primary area.
• There's several navigation specification pertaining to the type of use.
• Pilots must meet to operate the specifications.
• They can confirm any functioning of any NAV aids and validity of the data base.

General Requirements

• STAR (standard instrument arrival) permits the transition to the approach phase
• Arrival routes are normally the IAF (initial approach fix)

Terminal Area

• When TAR is employed, aircraft will be vectored to a fix, or ont the IAF

Section Alts

MSAS provide 300 min ( 1000ft) obstacle clearance from the aero reference point

• PBN arrivals consist of PBN Segments.
• PBN, Pilots must verify the information used for the procedures, to ensure proper function.

Terminal Arrival Altitude

• Terminal arrival altitudes are based on the arrangement, 3 IAF allows to join from al directions.
• Terminal arrival altitude replaces the 46k MSA or 25 NM
• Standard arrangements consist of three areas defined by the extension of the initial legs
• The boundaries are defined by radial RNAV distance and magnetic bearings
• Minimum Alts charted for each can provide at about 300m 1ft obstacle clearance
• Aircraft must be set within boundary.
• If not possible, reversal procedures should be flown
• Raceway holding procedures will be located at the IAF

Departure procedures

• Turning Procedures, to avoid an obstacles, the procedures should be described in greater detail.
• Design Considerations, dictated by terrains of surrounding aerodromes.

Aerodrome operating minima

Permit visual flight

Wind effect

To compensate for know winds Not necessary to compensate during vectoring.

Vectors

Pilots should not take Vectors unless, they at above minimum altitude, and departure route is non-critical to obstacle clearance.

Obstacle clearance

minimum is at DER departures, increasing 0.8% assuming a maximum turn of 15%

• PDG is assumed to be around 3.3% unless specified.

Standard Instrument Departures

• Standard departures are known as standard instrument departures and are to accommodate as many as categories as necessary
• procedure design at first way point of the on route phase

The sid are based on track guidance

• Conventional straight departures, from about 20km from DER departures
• Conventional departures within more than 10km turns
• PBN procedure the DERS.
• It is desired that aircrafts maintain 1 per cent unless otherwise specified.

Flight Level (FL)

• A surface of constant atmospheric pressure related to a data set and separated from the various surfaces by specific pressure intervals When to indicate altitude. When set to a QFE altimeter height with Indicate height for the QFE The height, and alt. Are altimetric quantities.

Omni directional departures

• Used where no nav aid available, and no track guidance is given,
• Can be use with sectors to be avoided
• Turns from DER assumed at 120metres
• For category 4 procedures the turns may be initiated at 90m
• Procedures assume a 3.3% climb

En Route Procedures

• Criteria assume a normal flight path, Annex 6 must be considered separately by the operator.
• In defining the obstacle clearance areas, there must be contained position within.
• The MOC value in the main section is 300 m in mountain it would be increased.
• If outside the procedure used it will be zero. The note about automation. See the Doc and PBN manual