Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which cranial nerve is NOT directly assessed during ocular motility tests?
Which cranial nerve is NOT directly assessed during ocular motility tests?
What is the unit of measurement for visual acuity in the UK?
What is the unit of measurement for visual acuity in the UK?
What is the term for the constriction of the pupil in response to light?
What is the term for the constriction of the pupil in response to light?
What is the principle behind retinoscopy?
What is the principle behind retinoscopy?
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What is the term for the misalignment of the eyes?
What is the term for the misalignment of the eyes?
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What is the term for the irregular curvature of the cornea?
What is the term for the irregular curvature of the cornea?
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Study Notes
Ocular Motility
- Assessment of eye movements to evaluate cranial nerves III, IV, and VI
- Tests:
- Duction (rotation of one eye)
- Version (rotation of both eyes)
- Vergence (convergence or divergence of both eyes)
- Abnormalities:
- Strabismus (misalignment of eyes)
- Ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of eye muscles)
- Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements)
Visual Acuity
- Measurement of the sharpness of vision
- Tests:
- Snellen chart (distance vision)
- Jaeger chart (near vision)
- Units of measurement:
- 20/X (e.g., 20/200)
- 6/X (e.g., 6/60)
- Abnormalities:
- Myopia (nearsightedness)
- Hyperopia (farsightedness)
- Astigmatism (irregular corneal curvature)
Pupillary Reaction
- Assessment of pupil size and reaction to light
- Tests:
- Pupillary light reflex (constriction in response to light)
- Pupillary accommodation reflex (constriction in response to near vision)
- Abnormalities:
- Anisocoria (unequal pupil size)
- Adie syndrome (tonic pupils)
- Horner syndrome (ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis)
Retinoscopy
- Objective measurement of refractive error
- Principle: shining a light into the eye to assess the reflection
- Findings:
- Neutralization point (where the reflex becomes neutral or "still")
- Axis of the cylindrical lens (if present)
- Abnormalities:
- Hyperopia (far-sightedness)
- Myopia (near-sightedness)
- Astigmatism (irregular corneal curvature)
Ocular Motility
- Ocular motility assessment evaluates cranial nerves III, IV, and VI
- Three types of eye movements tested: duction (rotation of one eye), version (rotation of both eyes), and vergence (convergence or divergence of both eyes)
- Abnormalities: strabismus (misalignment of eyes), ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of eye muscles), and nystagmus (involuntary eye movements)
Visual Acuity
- Visual acuity measures the sharpness of vision
- Tests used: Snellen chart (distance vision) and Jaeger chart (near vision)
- Visual acuity units: 20/X (e.g., 20/200) and 6/X (e.g., 6/60)
- Abnormalities: myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism (irregular corneal curvature)
Pupillary Reaction
- Pupillary reaction assessment evaluates pupil size and reaction to light
- Two pupillary reflexes tested: pupillary light reflex (constriction in response to light) and pupillary accommodation reflex (constriction in response to near vision)
- Abnormalities: anisocoria (unequal pupil size), Adie syndrome (tonic pupils), and Horner syndrome (ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis)
Retinoscopy
- Retinoscopy is an objective measurement of refractive error
- Principle: shining a light into the eye to assess the reflection
- Findings: neutralization point (where the reflex becomes neutral or "still") and axis of the cylindrical lens (if present)
- Abnormalities: hyperopia (far-sightedness), myopia (near-sightedness), and astigmatism (irregular corneal curvature)
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Description
Evaluate cranial nerves III, IV, and VI through ocular motility tests, and measure visual sharpness through visual acuity tests. Identify abnormalities such as strabismus and ophthalmoplegia.
