Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which cranial nerve is responsible for both hearing and balance?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for both hearing and balance?
Where are the nuclei of the vestibulocochlear nerve located?
Where are the nuclei of the vestibulocochlear nerve located?
Which ganglia contain the cell bodies of bipolar neurons of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Which ganglia contain the cell bodies of bipolar neurons of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
What is the function of the cochlear nuclei?
What is the function of the cochlear nuclei?
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Which part of the inner ear contains the organ of Corti?
Which part of the inner ear contains the organ of Corti?
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What causes the basilar membrane to vibrate in the inner ear?
What causes the basilar membrane to vibrate in the inner ear?
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What is the role of the hair cells in the organ of Corti?
What is the role of the hair cells in the organ of Corti?
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Which part of the vestibular system is responsible for detecting linear acceleration?
Which part of the vestibular system is responsible for detecting linear acceleration?
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What type of epithelium is found in the region of the specialized cells in the inner ear?
What type of epithelium is found in the region of the specialized cells in the inner ear?
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Where do the nerve fibers transmit the action potentials of the cochlear division of CN VIII?
Where do the nerve fibers transmit the action potentials of the cochlear division of CN VIII?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting the action potentials from the macula of the utricle and saccule to the brain stem?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting the action potentials from the macula of the utricle and saccule to the brain stem?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for generating reflexes that stabilize the visual image on the retina and adjust posture during head movement?
Which part of the brain is responsible for generating reflexes that stabilize the visual image on the retina and adjust posture during head movement?
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Which sensory organ detects head position with respect to gravity and responds to linear acceleration and deceleration?
Which sensory organ detects head position with respect to gravity and responds to linear acceleration and deceleration?
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Which part of the brain is considered the main vestibular cortex in humans and is responsible for spatial cognition?
Which part of the brain is considered the main vestibular cortex in humans and is responsible for spatial cognition?
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Which cranial nerve carries the majority of the fibers from the vestibular nuclei to the cerebellum?
Which cranial nerve carries the majority of the fibers from the vestibular nuclei to the cerebellum?
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Which descending tract controls head and neck movements by sending signals to the level of the neck?
Which descending tract controls head and neck movements by sending signals to the level of the neck?
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Which ascending tract carries fibers from the vestibular nuclei to the lower motor neurons responsible for eye movements?
Which ascending tract carries fibers from the vestibular nuclei to the lower motor neurons responsible for eye movements?
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Which cranial nerves are involved in coordinating eye movements with head and neck movements to maintain visual fixation?
Which cranial nerves are involved in coordinating eye movements with head and neck movements to maintain visual fixation?
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Which reflex coordinates eye muscles to keep the image focused on the retina/fovea even when the head is rotating?
Which reflex coordinates eye muscles to keep the image focused on the retina/fovea even when the head is rotating?
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What symptoms may be caused by a lesion in the vestibular system?
What symptoms may be caused by a lesion in the vestibular system?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
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Which cranial nerve provides general sensory innervation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and posterior wall of the upper pharynx?
Which cranial nerve provides general sensory innervation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and posterior wall of the upper pharynx?
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Which cranial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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Which cranial nerve provides general sensory innervation from around the ear?
Which cranial nerve provides general sensory innervation from around the ear?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the parotid gland?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the parotid gland?
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Which cranial nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Which cranial nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?
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Which fiber type is associated with taste sensation and is located in the nucleus solitarius?
Which fiber type is associated with taste sensation and is located in the nucleus solitarius?
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Which fiber type is associated with general sensory innervation and is located in the trigeminal spinal or chief nucleus?
Which fiber type is associated with general sensory innervation and is located in the trigeminal spinal or chief nucleus?
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Which fiber type is associated with innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle and is located in the nucleus ambiguus?
Which fiber type is associated with innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle and is located in the nucleus ambiguus?
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Which fiber type is associated with innervation of the parotid gland and is located in the inferior salivatory nucleus?
Which fiber type is associated with innervation of the parotid gland and is located in the inferior salivatory nucleus?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste from the posterior third of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste from the posterior third of the tongue?
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Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the carotid body and sinus to the medulla?
Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the carotid body and sinus to the medulla?
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Which cranial nerve carries touch, pain, and temperature sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, uvula, and mid pharynx?
Which cranial nerve carries touch, pain, and temperature sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, uvula, and mid pharynx?
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Which cranial nerve controls the stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx?
Which cranial nerve controls the stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx?
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Which cranial nerve controls the parotid gland and also has parasympathetic control of the carotid body and sinus?
Which cranial nerve controls the parotid gland and also has parasympathetic control of the carotid body and sinus?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste from the epiglottis?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste from the epiglottis?
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Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from thoracic and abdominal structures?
Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from thoracic and abdominal structures?
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Which cranial nerve controls smooth and cardiac muscle and glands of the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
Which cranial nerve controls smooth and cardiac muscle and glands of the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
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Which cranial nerve controls skeletal muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus?
Which cranial nerve controls skeletal muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating most of the muscles of the palate and pharynx, as well as all of the muscles of the larynx?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating most of the muscles of the palate and pharynx, as well as all of the muscles of the larynx?
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Which cranial nerve carries motor fibers to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
Which cranial nerve carries motor fibers to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
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Where are the cell bodies of the spinal root of the accessory nerve located?
Where are the cell bodies of the spinal root of the accessory nerve located?
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Which cranial nerve innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, except the palatoglossus muscle?
Which cranial nerve innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, except the palatoglossus muscle?
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Where are the cell bodies of the hypoglossal nerve located?
Where are the cell bodies of the hypoglossal nerve located?
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Which cranial nerve controls the muscles of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve controls the muscles of the tongue?
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Where is the hypoglossal trigone located?
Where is the hypoglossal trigone located?
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Which fibers from the motor cortex influence cranial nerve motor nuclei directly or via reticular formation?
Which fibers from the motor cortex influence cranial nerve motor nuclei directly or via reticular formation?
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Where are the cell bodies of the corticobulbar fibers located?
Where are the cell bodies of the corticobulbar fibers located?
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Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the carotid body and sinus to the medulla?
Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the carotid body and sinus to the medulla?
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Which cranial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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Which cranial nerves provide dual innervation to muscles of the head and neck?
Which cranial nerves provide dual innervation to muscles of the head and neck?
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Which cranial nerve does not supply the lower part of the facial motor nucleus?
Which cranial nerve does not supply the lower part of the facial motor nucleus?
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Which cranial nerves do not have direct cortical fibers to their motor nuclei?
Which cranial nerves do not have direct cortical fibers to their motor nuclei?
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Which muscles of the face receive bilateral fibers from the corticobulbar tract?
Which muscles of the face receive bilateral fibers from the corticobulbar tract?
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Which muscles of the face receive contralateral fibers from the corticobulbar tract?
Which muscles of the face receive contralateral fibers from the corticobulbar tract?
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What is the result of lesions in the corticobulbar tract?
What is the result of lesions in the corticobulbar tract?
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Which cranial nerve controls the genioglossus muscle?
Which cranial nerve controls the genioglossus muscle?
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What happens to the tongue in the presence of a weakness or lesion in the nucleus or nerve controlling it?
What happens to the tongue in the presence of a weakness or lesion in the nucleus or nerve controlling it?
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Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the soft palate?
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the soft palate?
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What happens to the uvula in the presence of a lesion in the nucleus or nerve controlling it?
What happens to the uvula in the presence of a lesion in the nucleus or nerve controlling it?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for the coordination of specific movements and compares movement intention with performance?
Which part of the brain is responsible for the coordination of specific movements and compares movement intention with performance?
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What is the function of the cerebellum in motor learning?
What is the function of the cerebellum in motor learning?
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What is the anatomical term for the folds on the surface of the cerebellar cortex that increase its surface area?
What is the anatomical term for the folds on the surface of the cerebellar cortex that increase its surface area?
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Where is the cerebellum located within the skull?
Where is the cerebellum located within the skull?
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What is the function of the arbor vitae in the cerebellum?
What is the function of the arbor vitae in the cerebellum?
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Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for the coordination of multijoint movements?
Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for the coordination of multijoint movements?
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What is the term for the 3 layers of cells in the outer cortex of the cerebellum?
What is the term for the 3 layers of cells in the outer cortex of the cerebellum?
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Which part of the brain is the cerebellum located under?
Which part of the brain is the cerebellum located under?
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What is the term for the folds on the surface of the cerebellar cortex that increase its surface area?
What is the term for the folds on the surface of the cerebellar cortex that increase its surface area?
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Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for the coordination of multijoint movements?
Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for the coordination of multijoint movements?
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Which layer of the cortex contains closely packed small neurons and is the main receptive layer of fibers originating outside the cerebellum?
Which layer of the cortex contains closely packed small neurons and is the main receptive layer of fibers originating outside the cerebellum?
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Which type of cells form intracortical circuits in the cerebellum and are inhibitory in nature?
Which type of cells form intracortical circuits in the cerebellum and are inhibitory in nature?
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Which nuclei are considered the 'Don't Eat Greasy Foods' in the cerebellum, from lateral to medial?
Which nuclei are considered the 'Don't Eat Greasy Foods' in the cerebellum, from lateral to medial?
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Which peduncle is the largest and carries afferent fibers only in the cerebellum?
Which peduncle is the largest and carries afferent fibers only in the cerebellum?
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Which peduncle carries afferent fibers from the spinal cord, red nucleus, and superior colliculus in the cerebellum?
Which peduncle carries afferent fibers from the spinal cord, red nucleus, and superior colliculus in the cerebellum?
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Which peduncle carries afferent and efferent fibers to and from the medulla in the cerebellum?
Which peduncle carries afferent and efferent fibers to and from the medulla in the cerebellum?
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Which functional division of the cerebellum is responsible for adjustment of muscle tone in response to vestibular stimuli and coordination of balance and posture?
Which functional division of the cerebellum is responsible for adjustment of muscle tone in response to vestibular stimuli and coordination of balance and posture?
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Which functional division of the cerebellum receives input from the spinal cord and controls tone and synergy of collaborating muscles for adjusting posture and ongoing automatic movements?
Which functional division of the cerebellum receives input from the spinal cord and controls tone and synergy of collaborating muscles for adjusting posture and ongoing automatic movements?
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Which phylogenetic division of the cerebellum is found in mammals and humans?
Which phylogenetic division of the cerebellum is found in mammals and humans?
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Which functional division of the cerebellum is responsible for coordination of voluntary movements, planning, and timing?
Which functional division of the cerebellum is responsible for coordination of voluntary movements, planning, and timing?
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Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for ensuring a smooth and orderly sequence of muscle contractions and intended precision in voluntary movements, especially in the upper extremities?
Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for ensuring a smooth and orderly sequence of muscle contractions and intended precision in voluntary movements, especially in the upper extremities?
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Which functional division of the cerebellum receives input from the semicircular canals, otolithic organs, and superior colliculus, and is involved in maintaining balance and coordination of eye movements?
Which functional division of the cerebellum receives input from the semicircular canals, otolithic organs, and superior colliculus, and is involved in maintaining balance and coordination of eye movements?
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Which functional division of the cerebellum is involved in adjusting ongoing movements, regulating muscle tone, compensating for small variations in loads encountered during movement, and correcting for deviations of intended movement?
Which functional division of the cerebellum is involved in adjusting ongoing movements, regulating muscle tone, compensating for small variations in loads encountered during movement, and correcting for deviations of intended movement?
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What is the primary symptom of cerebellar disease?
What is the primary symptom of cerebellar disease?
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What is the term for the rhythmic oscillating movement that occurs when trying to perform intentional movement and interferes with voluntary movements?
What is the term for the rhythmic oscillating movement that occurs when trying to perform intentional movement and interferes with voluntary movements?
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What is the term for the inability to perform rapid alternating movements?
What is the term for the inability to perform rapid alternating movements?
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Which functional division of the cerebellum is involved in planning limb movements and is a center of complex feedback circuits modulating motor commands?
Which functional division of the cerebellum is involved in planning limb movements and is a center of complex feedback circuits modulating motor commands?
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What is the term for the mismatch between reality and perceived reality, and erratic attempts to correct errors of thought or behavior that can occur with cerebellar damage?
What is the term for the mismatch between reality and perceived reality, and erratic attempts to correct errors of thought or behavior that can occur with cerebellar damage?
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What is the term for the inability to make the normal adjustments during intentional movement and the opposite of Parkinson's tremor?
What is the term for the inability to make the normal adjustments during intentional movement and the opposite of Parkinson's tremor?
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What are the symptoms of cerebellar damage that can be remembered using the acronym VANISHED?
What are the symptoms of cerebellar damage that can be remembered using the acronym VANISHED?
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Which part of the brain is the spinal cord continuous with?
Which part of the brain is the spinal cord continuous with?
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What is the term for an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve?
What is the term for an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve?
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What is the term for a group of muscles that a single spinal nerve root innervates?
What is the term for a group of muscles that a single spinal nerve root innervates?
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in total?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in total?
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Where does the spinal cord end?
Where does the spinal cord end?
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What is the term for the long and oblique lumbosacral roots as they descend to their intervertebral foramina?
What is the term for the long and oblique lumbosacral roots as they descend to their intervertebral foramina?
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How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
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Which sulcus/fissure divides the spinal cord into dorsal and ventral halves?
Which sulcus/fissure divides the spinal cord into dorsal and ventral halves?
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How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?
How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?
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Which part of the spinal cord tapers to a cone and ends at the L1 vertebral body?
Which part of the spinal cord tapers to a cone and ends at the L1 vertebral body?
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Which spinal nerve exits below the C7 vertebra and above the T1 vertebra?
Which spinal nerve exits below the C7 vertebra and above the T1 vertebra?
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Where is the spinal cord enlarged at?
Where is the spinal cord enlarged at?
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What are the three layers of the spinal meninges?
What are the three layers of the spinal meninges?
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What is the outer layer of the spinal meninges called?
What is the outer layer of the spinal meninges called?
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What is the space filled with fat located in the spinal meninges?
What is the space filled with fat located in the spinal meninges?
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Where does the spinal cord terminate?
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
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What is the stretched spinal cord remnant that forms the filum terminale internum?
What is the stretched spinal cord remnant that forms the filum terminale internum?
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Where does the filum terminale externum anchor?
Where does the filum terminale externum anchor?
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Where is a lumbar punch (spinal tap) usually performed?
Where is a lumbar punch (spinal tap) usually performed?
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What is the name of the artery critical to the supply of the lumbar enlargement?
What is the name of the artery critical to the supply of the lumbar enlargement?
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Which part of the spinal cord contains the central canal?
Which part of the spinal cord contains the central canal?
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What is the main component of the white matter in the spinal cord?
What is the main component of the white matter in the spinal cord?
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Which neuroscientist identified the cytoarchitectural areas in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
Which neuroscientist identified the cytoarchitectural areas in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
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Which part of the spinal cord is divided into three horns on each side?
Which part of the spinal cord is divided into three horns on each side?
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Which part of the spinal cord consists of dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns?
Which part of the spinal cord consists of dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns?
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What is the function of interneurons in the spinal cord?
What is the function of interneurons in the spinal cord?
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Which type of neuron in the spinal cord projects to higher centers?
Which type of neuron in the spinal cord projects to higher centers?
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What are the main components of the gray matter in the spinal cord?
What are the main components of the gray matter in the spinal cord?
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Which part of the spinal cord contains the nuclei?
Which part of the spinal cord contains the nuclei?
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What are the three funiculi of the white matter in the spinal cord?
What are the three funiculi of the white matter in the spinal cord?
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Which lamina of the gray matter in the spinal cord is responsible for processing nociception and temperature?
Which lamina of the gray matter in the spinal cord is responsible for processing nociception and temperature?
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Which lamina of the gray matter in the spinal cord is responsible for processing proprioception, touch, and relaying dorsal column information?
Which lamina of the gray matter in the spinal cord is responsible for processing proprioception, touch, and relaying dorsal column information?
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Which lamina of the gray matter in the spinal cord contains the nucleus of Clarke and relays information for the spinocerebellar tract?
Which lamina of the gray matter in the spinal cord contains the nucleus of Clarke and relays information for the spinocerebellar tract?
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Which lamina of the gray matter in the spinal cord contains clusters of nuclei for alpha and gamma motor neurons?
Which lamina of the gray matter in the spinal cord contains clusters of nuclei for alpha and gamma motor neurons?
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Which group of motor neurons in the spinal cord innervates the extremities and is not found in the thoracic cord?
Which group of motor neurons in the spinal cord innervates the extremities and is not found in the thoracic cord?
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Which group of motor neurons in the spinal cord innervates the axial muscles?
Which group of motor neurons in the spinal cord innervates the axial muscles?
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Which group of motor neurons in the spinal cord includes the phrenic and accessory nuclei and is only found in the cervical cord?
Which group of motor neurons in the spinal cord includes the phrenic and accessory nuclei and is only found in the cervical cord?
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Which lamina of the gray matter in the spinal cord is responsible for processing visceral input and nociception?
Which lamina of the gray matter in the spinal cord is responsible for processing visceral input and nociception?
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Which nucleus in the spinal cord is responsible for processing nociception and spinothalamic relay?
Which nucleus in the spinal cord is responsible for processing nociception and spinothalamic relay?
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Which nucleus in the spinal cord is responsible for proprioception, touch, and dorsal column relay?
Which nucleus in the spinal cord is responsible for proprioception, touch, and dorsal column relay?
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Which arteries reinforce the spinal arteries vasculature?
Which arteries reinforce the spinal arteries vasculature?
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What is the source of blood to the lower 2/3 or 1/2 of the spinal cord?
What is the source of blood to the lower 2/3 or 1/2 of the spinal cord?
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Which arteries reinforce the anterior spinal artery?
Which arteries reinforce the anterior spinal artery?
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Which arteries reinforce the posterior spinal artery?
Which arteries reinforce the posterior spinal artery?
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What is the vascular distribution of the anterior spinal artery?
What is the vascular distribution of the anterior spinal artery?
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What is the vascular distribution of the posterior spinal artery?
What is the vascular distribution of the posterior spinal artery?
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What symptoms may be caused by a lesion in the anterior spinal artery?
What symptoms may be caused by a lesion in the anterior spinal artery?
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What is the venous drainage of the spinal cord?
What is the venous drainage of the spinal cord?
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What does the epidural venous plexus communicate with superiorly?
What does the epidural venous plexus communicate with superiorly?
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What is the route for infection spread or metastasis in the spinal cord?
What is the route for infection spread or metastasis in the spinal cord?
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Which ascending tract carries pain and temperature information, as well as some touch and pressure?
Which ascending tract carries pain and temperature information, as well as some touch and pressure?
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Where do the 2nd order cell bodies of the ascending tracts in the spinal cord reside?
Where do the 2nd order cell bodies of the ascending tracts in the spinal cord reside?
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Which tract carries pain and temperature information directly to the thalamus?
Which tract carries pain and temperature information directly to the thalamus?
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Which tract terminates in the primary sensory cortex?
Which tract terminates in the primary sensory cortex?
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Which tract terminates in areas of the cortex associated with the motivational and affective aspect of pain?
Which tract terminates in areas of the cortex associated with the motivational and affective aspect of pain?
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Which tract is involved in alertness, consciousness, and the affective and motivational aspects of pain?
Which tract is involved in alertness, consciousness, and the affective and motivational aspects of pain?
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Where do the axons of the spinomesencephalic tract ascend to?
Where do the axons of the spinomesencephalic tract ascend to?
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Which dimension of pain includes location, intensity, and quality?
Which dimension of pain includes location, intensity, and quality?
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Which pathway is responsible for integrating many sensory inputs to provide an overall feeling of the seriousness of the pain to the body?
Which pathway is responsible for integrating many sensory inputs to provide an overall feeling of the seriousness of the pain to the body?
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Which pathway is involved in autonomic activation, escape responses, arousal, and fear?
Which pathway is involved in autonomic activation, escape responses, arousal, and fear?
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Which division of the sensory tracts in the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting pain and temperature fibers?
Which division of the sensory tracts in the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting pain and temperature fibers?
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Which division of the sensory tracts in the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting vibration, touch, pressure, and proprioceptive fibers?
Which division of the sensory tracts in the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting vibration, touch, pressure, and proprioceptive fibers?
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Which tract is organized bundle of axons that convey similar function and have a common origin and destination?
Which tract is organized bundle of axons that convey similar function and have a common origin and destination?
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Which ascending tract is responsible for transmitting information regarding type, location, and intensity of stimulus, as well as arousal and affective responses?
Which ascending tract is responsible for transmitting information regarding type, location, and intensity of stimulus, as well as arousal and affective responses?
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Which ascending tract is responsible for unconscious monitoring and control of motor activity, such as posture and movement?
Which ascending tract is responsible for unconscious monitoring and control of motor activity, such as posture and movement?
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Where does the dorsal column - medial lemniscus tract cross in the brain stem?
Where does the dorsal column - medial lemniscus tract cross in the brain stem?
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Where are the first order cell bodies located for the dorsal column - medial lemniscus tract?
Where are the first order cell bodies located for the dorsal column - medial lemniscus tract?
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Which ascending tract conveys information regarding vibration, joint position sense, 2 pt touch, pressure, stereognosis, and graphesthesia?
Which ascending tract conveys information regarding vibration, joint position sense, 2 pt touch, pressure, stereognosis, and graphesthesia?
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Where does the dorsal column - medial lemniscus tract cross in the spinal cord?
Where does the dorsal column - medial lemniscus tract cross in the spinal cord?
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Which ascending tract does not use Lissauer's tract?
Which ascending tract does not use Lissauer's tract?
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Which tract carries unconscious proprioception from the trunk and lower extremities to the cerebellum?
Which tract carries unconscious proprioception from the trunk and lower extremities to the cerebellum?
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Where are the second order cell bodies located for the Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract?
Where are the second order cell bodies located for the Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract?
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Which tract carries unconscious proprioception from the upper extremities to the cerebellum?
Which tract carries unconscious proprioception from the upper extremities to the cerebellum?
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Where are the second order cell bodies located for the Cuneocerebellar Tract?
Where are the second order cell bodies located for the Cuneocerebellar Tract?
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Which tract carries unconscious proprioception from the trunk and lower extremities, and transmits information from locomotor areas?
Which tract carries unconscious proprioception from the trunk and lower extremities, and transmits information from locomotor areas?
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Where are the second order cell bodies located for the Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract?
Where are the second order cell bodies located for the Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract?
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Which tract conveys unconscious proprioception that ultimately terminates in the cerebellum and works with the cerebellum in motor learning and making corrections during ongoing movements?
Which tract conveys unconscious proprioception that ultimately terminates in the cerebellum and works with the cerebellum in motor learning and making corrections during ongoing movements?
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Where do the first order axons of the Spino-olivary Tract terminate?
Where do the first order axons of the Spino-olivary Tract terminate?
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Which tract carries axons from the olive and travels via the inferior cerebellar peduncle into the cerebellum?
Which tract carries axons from the olive and travels via the inferior cerebellar peduncle into the cerebellum?
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Where do the axons from the olive synapse in the Olivocerebellar Tract?
Where do the axons from the olive synapse in the Olivocerebellar Tract?
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Which type of lesion is characterized by weakness, hyperreflexia, spastic paralysis, increased tone, and pathological reflexes?
Which type of lesion is characterized by weakness, hyperreflexia, spastic paralysis, increased tone, and pathological reflexes?
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Which of the following signs suggest an Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) lesion?
Which of the following signs suggest an Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) lesion?
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Which of the following signs suggest a Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesion?
Which of the following signs suggest a Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesion?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign of an Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) lesion?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of an Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) lesion?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign of a Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesion?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of a Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesion?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) lesions?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) lesions?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesions?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesions?
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Which of the following is true about the corticospinal tract in relation to alpha motor neurons?
Which of the following is true about the corticospinal tract in relation to alpha motor neurons?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) lesions in the corticospinal tract?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) lesions in the corticospinal tract?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesions?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesions?
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Which descending motor tract originates in the cortex and is responsible for voluntary movements?
Which descending motor tract originates in the cortex and is responsible for voluntary movements?
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Which descending motor tract originates in the brainstem and is responsible for involuntary movements?
Which descending motor tract originates in the brainstem and is responsible for involuntary movements?
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Which descending motor tract is involved in controlling posture and axial muscles?
Which descending motor tract is involved in controlling posture and axial muscles?
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Which descending motor tract is involved in controlling head and neck movements?
Which descending motor tract is involved in controlling head and neck movements?
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Which descending motor tract originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain and facilitates flexor motor neurons?
Which descending motor tract originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain and facilitates flexor motor neurons?
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Which descending motor tract receives input from the cerebellum and motor cortex?
Which descending motor tract receives input from the cerebellum and motor cortex?
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Where do the axons of the corticospinal tract cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord?
Where do the axons of the corticospinal tract cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord?
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Which descending motor tract is part of the pyramidal system and originates in the cortex?
Which descending motor tract is part of the pyramidal system and originates in the cortex?
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Which descending motor tract is part of the extrapyramidal system and originates in the brainstem?
Which descending motor tract is part of the extrapyramidal system and originates in the brainstem?
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Which descending motor tract is involved in integrating semi-voluntary automatic movements?
Which descending motor tract is involved in integrating semi-voluntary automatic movements?
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Which descending tract controls head and neck movements by sending signals to the level of the neck?
Which descending tract controls head and neck movements by sending signals to the level of the neck?
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Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the soft palate?
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the soft palate?
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Which tract carries axons from the olive and travels via the inferior cerebellar peduncle into the cerebellum?
Which tract carries axons from the olive and travels via the inferior cerebellar peduncle into the cerebellum?
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Which cranial nerve carries touch, pain, and temperature sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, uvula, and mid pharynx?
Which cranial nerve carries touch, pain, and temperature sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, uvula, and mid pharynx?
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Which division of the sensory tracts in the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting vibration, touch, pressure, and proprioceptive fibers?
Which division of the sensory tracts in the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting vibration, touch, pressure, and proprioceptive fibers?
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Which tract terminates in areas of the cortex associated with the motivational and affective aspect of pain?
Which tract terminates in areas of the cortex associated with the motivational and affective aspect of pain?
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Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the carotid body and sinus to the medulla?
Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the carotid body and sinus to the medulla?
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Which cranial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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Which cranial nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Which cranial nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?
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Which cranial nerve carries taste from the epiglottis?
Which cranial nerve carries taste from the epiglottis?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the Jaw-jerk Reflex?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the Jaw-jerk Reflex?
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Which cranial nerve controls the Pupillary Light Reflex?
Which cranial nerve controls the Pupillary Light Reflex?
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What are the five components of every reflex?
What are the five components of every reflex?
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What is the term for the decreased reflex response, indicating a lower motor lesion?
What is the term for the decreased reflex response, indicating a lower motor lesion?
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What is the term for the increased reflex response, indicating an upper motor lesion?
What is the term for the increased reflex response, indicating an upper motor lesion?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue?
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Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the carotid body and sinus to the medulla?
Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the carotid body and sinus to the medulla?
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Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the soft palate?
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the soft palate?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for both hearing and balance?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for both hearing and balance?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the pupillary constriction in the near response?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the pupillary constriction in the near response?
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Which area is damaged in individuals with Argyll Robertson Pupil?
Which area is damaged in individuals with Argyll Robertson Pupil?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary horizontal lateral gaze?
Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary horizontal lateral gaze?
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Which cortical area controls voluntary horizontal gaze to the contralateral side?
Which cortical area controls voluntary horizontal gaze to the contralateral side?
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Which structure connects the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation to the contralateral Medial Rectus Muscle?
Which structure connects the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation to the contralateral Medial Rectus Muscle?
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Which cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle on the same side as the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation?
Which cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle on the same side as the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation?
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Which area is involved in vertical gaze control in the midbrain?
Which area is involved in vertical gaze control in the midbrain?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for voluntary horizontal gaze to the opposite side?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for voluntary horizontal gaze to the opposite side?
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Which area is responsible for saccadic eye movements?
Which area is responsible for saccadic eye movements?
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Which area is responsible for smooth pursuit/tracking eye movements?
Which area is responsible for smooth pursuit/tracking eye movements?
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Study Notes
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
- Responsible for both hearing and balance
- Nuclei located in the brain stem
- Bipolar neurons cell bodies located in the spiral ganglion and vestibular ganglion
Cochlear Nuclei
- Function: to process auditory information
- Located in the brain stem
Inner Ear
- Organ of Corti located in the cochlea
- Basilar membrane vibrates due to sound waves
- Hair cells in the organ of Corti convert vibrations into electrical signals
Vestibular System
- Responsible for detecting linear acceleration
- Utricle and saccule detect head position and respond to linear acceleration and deceleration
- Part of the brain responsible for generating reflexes: cerebellum
Cranial Nerve Functions
- CN VIII: transmits action potentials from the macula of the utricle and saccule to the brain stem
- CN VIII: carries the majority of the fibers from the vestibular nuclei to the cerebellum
- CN III, IV, and VI: involved in coordinating eye movements with head and neck movements to maintain visual fixation
- CN III: responsible for innervating the muscles of the eye
- CN VII: responsible for taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
- CN IX: responsible for taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
- CN IX: provides general sensory innervation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and posterior wall of the upper pharynx
- CN X: carries sensory information from the carotid body and sinus to the medulla
- CN X: controls the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus
Cerebellum
- Located in the posterior fossa of the skull
- Function: coordination of specific movements and compares movement intention with performance
- Anatomical term for the folds on the surface of the cerebellar cortex: arbor vitae
- Responsible for the coordination of multijoint movements
- Functional divisions: vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and cerebrocerebellum
- Symptoms of cerebellar disease: ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesis, and intention tremor
Spinal Cord
- Continuous with the medulla oblongata
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Ends at the L1 vertebral body
- Term for an area of skin mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve: dermatome
- Term for a group of muscles that a single spinal nerve root innervates: myotome
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII and the external, middle, and inner ear with this quiz. Explore the special somatic afferent branches and nuclei associated with CNVIII. Challenge yourself on the connections between the vestibular nuclei and various parts of the central nervous system.
