Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the most common ocular manifestation in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
Graves' Disease is an autoimmune condition resulting in hypothyroidism (underproduction of thyroid hormones).
False
What is the name of the ocular manifestation associated with Graves' Disease?
Graves' ophthalmopathy
The ocular manifestation keratoconjunctivitis sicca is more common in women and people over __________ years.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following diseases with their corresponding ocular manifestations:
Signup and view all the answers
In patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), what is the percentage of ocular disease occurrence?
Signup and view all the answers
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder primarily affecting the joints.
Signup and view all the answers
The treatment for keratoconjunctivitis sicca is _______________.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism leading to tissue damage in limbal or peripheral corneal tissues in the context of ocular inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Sympathetic ophthalmia is a common disease that occurs after a penetrating injury to one eye.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical time frame for the presentation of sympathetic ophthalmia after an ocular injury?
Signup and view all the answers
The corneal examination in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca may reveal _______________________ keratopathy.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following conditions with their associated ocular manifestations:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the theory that suggests uveal pigment antigens act as an allergen, leading to uveitis in the normal eye?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the disease that is characterized by dry eye syndrome and is also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca?
Signup and view all the answers
Sympathetic ophthalmia is more common in women than in men.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Mooren's ulcer is a systemic disease.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of IgG antibodies binding to red cells in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
Signup and view all the answers
In autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, IgM antibodies bind to red cells, leading to _______________ of the complement system.
Signup and view all the answers
Which autoimmune disease is associated with the destruction of insulin producing cells in the pancreas?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following autoimmune diseases with their corresponding ocular manifestations:
Signup and view all the answers
Immune complexes are usually cleared rapidly in the body.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of immune-complex deposition in tissues in systemic lupus erythematosus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process by which the body eliminates self-reactive T- and B-cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Molecular mimicry is a process that prevents autoimmune diseases.
Signup and view all the answers
What is autoimmunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Tolerance is a mechanism for preventing ____________________.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of molecular mimicry?
Signup and view all the answers
Peripheral tolerance is induced in early stages of lymphocyte development.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of tolerance with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of T-regulatory cells in peripheral tolerance?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of scleritis cases are caused by Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
Signup and view all the answers
Scleritis and episcleritis have similar symptoms but distinct anatomical locations.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common ocular complication of Diabetes Mellitus?
Signup and view all the answers
Sjögren's syndrome is characterized by dry eyes and a dry ______________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the autoimmune diseases with their ocular complications:
Signup and view all the answers
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a non-autoimmune condition.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of managing Diabetes Mellitus to prevent ocular complications?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Ocular Manifestations of Autoimmune Diseases
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a common ocular manifestation of autoimmune diseases, particularly in women over 40 years old.
- Treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca is symptomatic.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- RA is a chronic inflammatory disorder primarily affecting the joints, but also affecting the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels.
- It is a cell-mediated (type IV) hypersensitivity reaction.
- Approximately 25% of patients with RA will have ocular manifestations, including:
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (most common, up to 25% of patients)
- Scleritis/episcleritis (4-10% of patients with RA)
- Keratitis
- Peripheral corneal ulceration
Graves' Disease
- Graves' disease is an autoimmune condition resulting in hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormones).
- Inflammation and congestion of periocular and orbital soft tissue occur in Graves' disease.
- Ocular manifestations of Graves' disease include:
- Graves' ophthalmopathy
- Exposure keratopathy
- Diplopia
- Compressive optic neuropathy
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- SLE is an autoimmune disease that occurs more frequently in women, particularly those of childbearing age.
- Ocular disease occurs in 20% of SLE patients, with external ocular manifestations including:
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
- Conjunctivitis
- Uveitis
- Episcleritis and scleritis
- Keratitis
- Discoid lupus rash over the eyelids
- Intraocular manifestations of SLE include:
- Microinfarction
- Hemorrhage
- Vasculitis in various locations
- Optic neuritis/optic neuropathy
Sympathetic Ophthalmia
- Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare, bilateral, granulomatous uveitis that occurs after a penetrating injury to one eye.
- It is a potentially blinding disease that involves both eyes.
- More frequent in men, with a possible association with HLA-A11.
- Predisposing factors include:
- Penetrating injury (almost always occurs after a penetrating injury)
- Ciliary region wounds = dangerous zone
- Pathogenesis involves multiple theories, including the "allergic theory" and molecular mimicry.
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a dry eye syndrome.
- Symptoms include:
- More prominent during the latter part of the day due to the evaporation of the tear film
- Corneal examination (slit lamp) may reveal punctate erosive keratopathy or filaments
Scleritis and Episcleritis
- Scleritis and episcleritis are distinguished based on anatomy and appearance.
- Symptoms may be similar, with scleritis having more severe pain and tenderness to palpation of the globe.
- Scleritis is more common in patients with RA, and patients with scleritis and RA have a worse prognosis.
Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1)
- Diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune condition where the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed.
- It leads to elevated blood glucose levels and damages the blood vessels in most organ systems, including the eye.
- Ocular complications include:
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Cataract formation
- Glaucoma
- Prevention of complications involves controlling blood sugar levels and regular eye exams.
Sjögren's Syndrome
- Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune condition characterized by dry eyes and a dry mouth.
- It results in decreased production of tears and saliva due to molecular mimicry.
Classification of Autoimmune Conditions
- Autoimmune conditions are classified similarly to hypersensitivity reactions, with the exception of type I hypersensitivity.
- Types of autoimmune conditions include:
- Antibody-mediated (type II) hypersensitivity reactions
- Immune-complex mediated (type III) hypersensitivity reactions
- Cell-mediated (type IV) hypersensitivity reactions
Mooren's Ulcer
- Mooren's ulcer is a rare disorder characterized by a painful, relentless, chronic ulcerative keratitis.
- It typically occurs in healthy, adult men, with no evidence of systemic disease.
- Etiology is unsure, but possible autoimmune reactions include exposure to infectious agents.
Autoimmunity
- Tolerance is the mechanism for preventing autoimmunity, where self-reactive T- and B-cells are removed.
- Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system goes awry and attacks the body itself, triggering hypersensitivity reactions to self-antigens.
- Molecular mimicry is a process where foreign antigens initiate an immune response, leading to cross-reactive immune responses against self-antigens.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Learn about the ocular manifestations of autoimmune diseases, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca and its relation to rheumatoid arthritis. Understand the symptoms and treatment options.
