Oceanography Chapter 5 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a negative consequence of desalination plants?

Environmental damage from the brine effluent

What is one of the challenges related to the water quality produced by desalination plants?

Poor quality of water produced by the plants

What is one of the high costs associated with desalination?

The high cost of energy involved

What is a financial consideration for desalination plants?

High maintenance costs for the plants Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are methods used to desalinate water except:

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater?

Evaporation Signup and view all the answers

Why is Loucy show coot?

Because koalas love socks Signup and view all the answers

How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans?

Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. Signup and view all the answers

Which ocean is Earth's largest?

The Pacific Ocean Signup and view all the answers

Where is most of Earth's freshwater found?

As ice at Earth's surface Signup and view all the answers

What does the hydrologic cycle describe?

How liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and rivers. Signup and view all the answers

How does water get from the oceans onto land?

Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land?

The atmosphere would contain less water. Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced?

The oceans would become smaller. Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the appropriate phrase: bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Ions = Charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons Electrons = Subatomic particles with a negative charge Covalent bonds = Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms Hydrogen bonds = Weak attractions between polar molecules Atoms = Basic units of matter Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the appropriate phrase: charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons.

Hydrogen bonds = Weak attractions between polar molecules Covalent bonds = Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms Atoms = Basic units of matter Electrons = Subatomic particles with a negative charge Ions = Charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the appropriate phrase: change in state from solid to gas.

Condensation = Gas to liquid change Evaporation = Liquid to gas change Halocline = Area of rapid salinity change Sublimation = Solid to gas change Pycnocline = Area of rapid density change Signup and view all the answers

What condition increases seawater salinity?

High temperature Signup and view all the answers

What must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas?

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules Signup and view all the answers

How much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice?

80 calories of heat energy Signup and view all the answers

Why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt?

The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds within water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts?

Movement of water molecules Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water?

Latent heat of water Signup and view all the answers

How much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 0 degrees Celsius into water vapor?

540 calories of heat energy Signup and view all the answers

How can water vapor become ice?

Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

The polarity of water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

The surface tension of water:

Is relatively high. Signup and view all the answers

Describe what condition exists in water molecules to make them dipolar.

The bent geometry of the water molecule gives a slight overall negative charge to the oxygen side of the molecule and a slight overall positive charge to the hydrogen side of the molecule. Signup and view all the answers

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of:

Calorie Signup and view all the answers

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a:

Change in state Signup and view all the answers

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0°C. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. Signup and view all the answers

The most common liquid on planet Earth is __________.

Water Signup and view all the answers

The density (mass per volume) of most liquids increases as the __________ is lowered.

Temperature Signup and view all the answers

The density of pure water reaches its maximum density, or plateaus, at an approximate temperature of __________.

4ºC Signup and view all the answers

What causes water's density to decrease when it freezes?

Hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater?

Chloride Signup and view all the answers

The average salinity of typical seawater is:

3.5% Signup and view all the answers

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Hydrogen ion Signup and view all the answers

What condition of salinity makes it possible to determine the total salinity of ocean water by measuring concentration of only one constituent, the chloride ion?

Seawater has a constancy of composition in terms of the major constituents, so the concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a given water sample. Signup and view all the answers

How are seawater and pure water similar? How are they different?

Seawater and pure water are similar in that they are clear and blue/green in color. They are different in that seawater tends to have a higher pH, higher density, lower freezing point, and a higher boiling point than pure water. Signup and view all the answers

All of the following processes decrease the salinity of water except:

Evaporation Signup and view all the answers

All of the following processes decrease seawater salinity except:

Evaporation Signup and view all the answers

The pH of surface seawater usually has a value of around 8.0. That means the water is __________.

Slightly basic (or alkaline) Signup and view all the answers

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:

HCO3- Signup and view all the answers

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.

Evaporation is much greater than precipitation Signup and view all the answers

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:

Thermocline Signup and view all the answers

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Distillation Signup and view all the answers

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________.

High energy consumption and cost Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Oceanography Overview

Nearly all of Earth's surface water is found in the oceans, with approximately three-quarters consisting of ocean water.
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth.

Freshwater Distribution

Most of Earth's freshwater is stored as ice at the surface.
The hydrologic cycle illustrates the movement of liquid and gaseous water among the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

Water Movement

Water transitions from the oceans to land through evaporation, rising into the atmosphere, condensing, and falling as rain.
If Earth were predominantly land, the atmosphere would contain less water.
Reduced surface runoff and groundwater flow, as seen during ice ages, would lead to smaller oceans.

Chemical Properties of Water

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; charged atoms are termed ions.
The change from solid to gas is referred to as sublimation, while the shift from liquid to gas is evaporation.

Salinity and Temperature Effects

High temperatures can increase seawater salinity, while river input decreases salinity.
Oil does not mix with water because oil molecules are nonpolar, whereas water molecules are polar.
Breaking hydrogen bonds between water molecules is necessary for transition from solid to liquid to gas.

Energy and Phase Changes

Melting 1 gram of ice requires 80 calories of heat energy.
The temperature of water remains constant while ice melts until all ice is converted to water.
The concept of latent heat relates to the energy required during state changes.

Water Density and Behavior

The maximum density of pure water occurs at approximately 4ºC, with density decreasing upon freezing due to hydrogen bonds.
Chloride ions are the most abundant ions in seawater; typical salinity is around 3.5%.

pH and Buffering Capacity

The pH of surface seawater is generally around 8.0, indicating it is slightly basic (or alkaline).
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in seawater serve as a buffer.

Seawater Characteristics

Salinity measurements can often rely on the chloride ion concentration due to seawater's constancy of composition.
Seawater generally has a higher pH, density, lower freezing point, and higher boiling point compared to pure water.

Desalination and Environmental Impact

Desalination processes face challenges, particularly high energy costs.
Common desalination methods include reverse osmosis, distillation, and freeze separation, while osmosis is not a practiced method.

Thermal and Chemical Stratification

A rapid temperature change with depth is known as a thermocline; a halocline refers to a rapid change in salinity.
Evaporation increases seawater salinity through processes such as the formation of sea ice.

Unique Facts

The majority of biological activity relies on the unique properties of water, making it the most significant liquid on Earth.
Observations about conditions impacting the ocean’s salinity or density can assist in understanding global climate patterns.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 5 of Oceanography. Learn about the distribution of Earth's surface water and other essential oceanic topics. Perfect for students wanting to reinforce their understanding of this vital subject.

Oceanography Chapter 5 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a negative consequence of desalination plants?

What is one of the challenges related to the water quality produced by desalination plants?

What is one of the high costs associated with desalination?

What is a financial consideration for desalination plants?

All of the following are methods used to desalinate water except:

Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater?

Why is Loucy show coot?

How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans?

Which ocean is Earth's largest?

Where is most of Earth's freshwater found?

What does the hydrologic cycle describe?

How does water get from the oceans onto land?

What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land?

What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced?

Match the term with the appropriate phrase: bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase: charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase: change in state from solid to gas.

What condition increases seawater salinity?

What must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas?

How much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice?

Why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt?

What physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts?

What do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water?

How much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 0 degrees Celsius into water vapor?

How can water vapor become ice?

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

The surface tension of water:

Describe what condition exists in water molecules to make them dipolar.

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of:

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a:

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0°C. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

The most common liquid on planet Earth is __________.

The density (mass per volume) of most liquids increases as the __________ is lowered.

The density of pure water reaches its maximum density, or plateaus, at an approximate temperature of __________.

What causes water's density to decrease when it freezes?

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater?

The average salinity of typical seawater is:

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

What condition of salinity makes it possible to determine the total salinity of ocean water by measuring concentration of only one constituent, the chloride ion?

How are seawater and pure water similar? How are they different?

All of the following processes decrease the salinity of water except:

All of the following processes decrease seawater salinity except:

The pH of surface seawater usually has a value of around 8.0. That means the water is __________.

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________.

Study Notes

Oceanography Overview

Freshwater Distribution

Water Movement

Chemical Properties of Water

Salinity and Temperature Effects

Energy and Phase Changes

Water Density and Behavior

pH and Buffering Capacity

Seawater Characteristics

Desalination and Environmental Impact

Thermal and Chemical Stratification

Unique Facts

Studying That Suits You

Description

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