Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a negative consequence of desalination plants?
What is a negative consequence of desalination plants?
Environmental damage from the brine effluent
What is one of the challenges related to the water quality produced by desalination plants?
What is one of the challenges related to the water quality produced by desalination plants?
Poor quality of water produced by the plants
What is one of the high costs associated with desalination?
What is one of the high costs associated with desalination?
The high cost of energy involved
What is a financial consideration for desalination plants?
What is a financial consideration for desalination plants?
Signup and view all the answers
All of the following are methods used to desalinate water except:
All of the following are methods used to desalinate water except:
Signup and view all the answers
Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater?
Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is Loucy show coot?
Why is Loucy show coot?
Signup and view all the answers
How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans?
How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ocean is Earth's largest?
Which ocean is Earth's largest?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is most of Earth's freshwater found?
Where is most of Earth's freshwater found?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the hydrologic cycle describe?
What does the hydrologic cycle describe?
Signup and view all the answers
How does water get from the oceans onto land?
How does water get from the oceans onto land?
Signup and view all the answers
What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land?
What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land?
Signup and view all the answers
What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced?
What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the term with the appropriate phrase: bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Match the term with the appropriate phrase: bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the term with the appropriate phrase: charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons.
Match the term with the appropriate phrase: charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the term with the appropriate phrase: change in state from solid to gas.
Match the term with the appropriate phrase: change in state from solid to gas.
Signup and view all the answers
What condition increases seawater salinity?
What condition increases seawater salinity?
Signup and view all the answers
What must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas?
What must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas?
Signup and view all the answers
How much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice?
How much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt?
Why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt?
Signup and view all the answers
What physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts?
What physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts?
Signup and view all the answers
What do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water?
What do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water?
Signup and view all the answers
How much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 0 degrees Celsius into water vapor?
How much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 0 degrees Celsius into water vapor?
Signup and view all the answers
How can water vapor become ice?
How can water vapor become ice?
Signup and view all the answers
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:
Signup and view all the answers
The surface tension of water:
The surface tension of water:
Signup and view all the answers
Describe what condition exists in water molecules to make them dipolar.
Describe what condition exists in water molecules to make them dipolar.
Signup and view all the answers
The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of:
The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of:
Signup and view all the answers
Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a:
Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a:
Signup and view all the answers
A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0°C. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?
A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0°C. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?
Signup and view all the answers
The most common liquid on planet Earth is __________.
The most common liquid on planet Earth is __________.
Signup and view all the answers
The density (mass per volume) of most liquids increases as the __________ is lowered.
The density (mass per volume) of most liquids increases as the __________ is lowered.
Signup and view all the answers
The density of pure water reaches its maximum density, or plateaus, at an approximate temperature of __________.
The density of pure water reaches its maximum density, or plateaus, at an approximate temperature of __________.
Signup and view all the answers
What causes water's density to decrease when it freezes?
What causes water's density to decrease when it freezes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is the most abundant ion in seawater?
Which is the most abundant ion in seawater?
Signup and view all the answers
The average salinity of typical seawater is:
The average salinity of typical seawater is:
Signup and view all the answers
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Signup and view all the answers
What condition of salinity makes it possible to determine the total salinity of ocean water by measuring concentration of only one constituent, the chloride ion?
What condition of salinity makes it possible to determine the total salinity of ocean water by measuring concentration of only one constituent, the chloride ion?
Signup and view all the answers
How are seawater and pure water similar? How are they different?
How are seawater and pure water similar? How are they different?
Signup and view all the answers
All of the following processes decrease the salinity of water except:
All of the following processes decrease the salinity of water except:
Signup and view all the answers
All of the following processes decrease seawater salinity except:
All of the following processes decrease seawater salinity except:
Signup and view all the answers
The pH of surface seawater usually has a value of around 8.0. That means the water is __________.
The pH of surface seawater usually has a value of around 8.0. That means the water is __________.
Signup and view all the answers
The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:
The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:
Signup and view all the answers
We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.
We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.
Signup and view all the answers
A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:
A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:
Signup and view all the answers
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________.
The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Oceanography Overview
- Nearly all of Earth's surface water is found in the oceans, with approximately three-quarters consisting of ocean water.
- The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth.
Freshwater Distribution
- Most of Earth's freshwater is stored as ice at the surface.
- The hydrologic cycle illustrates the movement of liquid and gaseous water among the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
Water Movement
- Water transitions from the oceans to land through evaporation, rising into the atmosphere, condensing, and falling as rain.
- If Earth were predominantly land, the atmosphere would contain less water.
- Reduced surface runoff and groundwater flow, as seen during ice ages, would lead to smaller oceans.
Chemical Properties of Water
- Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; charged atoms are termed ions.
- The change from solid to gas is referred to as sublimation, while the shift from liquid to gas is evaporation.
Salinity and Temperature Effects
- High temperatures can increase seawater salinity, while river input decreases salinity.
- Oil does not mix with water because oil molecules are nonpolar, whereas water molecules are polar.
- Breaking hydrogen bonds between water molecules is necessary for transition from solid to liquid to gas.
Energy and Phase Changes
- Melting 1 gram of ice requires 80 calories of heat energy.
- The temperature of water remains constant while ice melts until all ice is converted to water.
- The concept of latent heat relates to the energy required during state changes.
Water Density and Behavior
- The maximum density of pure water occurs at approximately 4ºC, with density decreasing upon freezing due to hydrogen bonds.
- Chloride ions are the most abundant ions in seawater; typical salinity is around 3.5%.
pH and Buffering Capacity
- The pH of surface seawater is generally around 8.0, indicating it is slightly basic (or alkaline).
- Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in seawater serve as a buffer.
Seawater Characteristics
- Salinity measurements can often rely on the chloride ion concentration due to seawater's constancy of composition.
- Seawater generally has a higher pH, density, lower freezing point, and higher boiling point compared to pure water.
Desalination and Environmental Impact
- Desalination processes face challenges, particularly high energy costs.
- Common desalination methods include reverse osmosis, distillation, and freeze separation, while osmosis is not a practiced method.
Thermal and Chemical Stratification
- A rapid temperature change with depth is known as a thermocline; a halocline refers to a rapid change in salinity.
- Evaporation increases seawater salinity through processes such as the formation of sea ice.
Unique Facts
- The majority of biological activity relies on the unique properties of water, making it the most significant liquid on Earth.
- Observations about conditions impacting the ocean’s salinity or density can assist in understanding global climate patterns.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 5 of Oceanography. Learn about the distribution of Earth's surface water and other essential oceanic topics. Perfect for students wanting to reinforce their understanding of this vital subject.
