Oceanography and World Ocean
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Questions and Answers

What is the average salinity range in the open ocean?

  • 25% to 30%
  • 20% to 25%
  • 30% to 35%
  • 35% to 37% (correct)

    • Which ocean contains slightly more than half of the water in the world ocean?

  • Arctic Ocean
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean (correct)
  • Indian Ocean

    • What are the two principal elements that contribute to the ocean's salinity?

  • Oxygen and Nitrogen
  • Chlorine and Sodium (correct)
  • Hydrogen and Helium
  • Carbon and Calcium

    • What is the greatest average depth of the Pacific Ocean?

    <p>12,900 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are ocean water temperatures warmest at the surface?

    <p>Because of solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the primary source of water in the oceans as well as in the atmosphere?

    <p>Outgassing from volcanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of seawalls in addressing shoreline erosion?

    <p>Prevent waves from reaching the shore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action does beach nourishment involve in combating shoreline erosion?

    <p>Adding sand to replenish the beach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of coast would likely form due to a drop in sea level?

    <p>Emergent coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ozone in the atmosphere?

    <p>To absorb ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the atmosphere does the environmental lapse rate typically result in decreasing temperature with altitude?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the daily cycle of daylight and darkness on Earth?

    <p>The speed of Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of heat transfer involves the movement of a substance from one place to another?

    <p>Convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of groins in shoreline erosion management?

    <p>To trap moving sand along the shore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer exhibits warming due to ozone absorption of ultraviolet radiation?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Earth's changing seasons?

    <p>The angle of Earth's axis and its orientation relative to the Sun.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which zone does the thermocline occur?

    <p>Deep zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lies below the halocline?

    <p>Small salinity changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oceanic feature originates on the continental slope?

    <p>Submarine canyons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most level place on Earth according to the text?

    <p>Abyssal plains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are coral reefs primarily constructed from?

    <p>Corals and certain algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do atolls primarily form from?

    <p>Sinking volcanic islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seafloor sediment consists of mineral grains weathered from continental rocks?

    <p>Terrigenous sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force for the ocean's surface currents?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the deflection of free-moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two factors are most significant in creating a dense mass of water in deep-ocean circulation?

    <p>Temperature and salinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the daily rise and fall in the elevation of the ocean surface at a specific location?

    <p>Gravitational attraction of the Moon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do spits, baymouth bars, and tombolos have in common?

    <p>They are features formed by beach drift and longshore currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the formation of sea arches?

    <p>Erosion of headlands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are waves of oscillation in the open sea characterized by?

    <p>Circular particle orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of barometer measures atmospheric pressure using inches of mercury?

    <p>Aneroid barometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of winds around a high-pressure system in the Northern Hemisphere?

    <p>Clockwise and inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force slows the movement of wind and alters its direction by interacting with Earth's surface?

    <p>Friction with Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why cloud formation and precipitation are unlikely in high-pressure centers like anticyclones?

    <p>Descending air is compressed and warmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What global wind system is associated with the region between 30-60 degrees latitude?

    <p>Westerlies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of wind is created when air descends the leeward side of a mountain, warming through compression?

    <p>Chinook wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What instrument is used to measure wind direction?

    <p>Wind vane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Santa Ana' winds are most likely to occur in which geographic area?

    <p>'Leeward side' of mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Fair' weather conditions are typically expected in which type of pressure center?

    <p>'High' pressure system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Westerlies' are known to be interrupted by the migration of which weather systems?

    <p>'Cyclones' and 'anticyclones'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between electromagnetic waves?

    <p>Their ability to transmit energy through space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to humans?

    <p>Visible light waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the atmosphere as you move higher in altitude in the troposphere?

    <p>It gets colder because it is heated from the ground up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gases are primarily responsible for absorbing long-wave terrestrial radiation in the atmosphere?

    <p>Water vapor and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the significant factors that influence global warming according to the text?

    <p>Increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general term used to describe the amount of water vapor in the air?

    <p>Relative humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is relative humidity?

    <p>The ratio of air's water vapor content to its water vapor capacity at a given temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to air's relative humidity when it's cooled?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dew point represent?

    <p>The temperature at which air would have to be cooled to reach saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for basic cloud formation according to the text?

    <p>The cooling of air as it rises and expands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the mechanisms that can initiate the vertical movement of air?

    <p>Frontal wedging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what rate does air cool when it rises at the wet adiabatic rate?

    <p>5C to 9C per 1000 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of clouds are high, white, thin, and wispy?

    <p>Cirrus clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of fog based on the given text?

    <p>A cloud with its base close to the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are clouds classified based on their appearance?

    <p>By the shape of the clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for condensation to occur?

    <p>Air must be cooled below its dew point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is atmospheric pressure measured in meteorology?

    <p>Millibars on a weather map</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to air pressure with increasing altitude?

    <p>Decreases with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that differentiates stable and unstable air?

    <p>Rate of temperature decrease with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isobars on a weather map used to connect?

    <p>Places of equal air pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

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