Questions and Answers
Which of the following are considered direct costs associated with accidents? (Select all that apply)
According to the Iceberg Theory, 98% of accidents are preventable.
True
What are the two categories of hazards identified in the workplace?
Safety hazards and health hazards
What must be developed for medium-risk evaluations?
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A __________ valve is needed on each power boiler.
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What is the maximum allowable working pressure for low-pressure steam?
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The age limit for a horizontal return tubular boiler carrying over 3.5 kg/cm² is 25 years.
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Which safety measures apply to scaffolding? (Select all that apply)
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Match the following safety colors with their meanings:
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What type of installation certificate is required for building construction?
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____ shall mean gauge pressure above atmospheric pressure in kg/cm² (psig).
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On-duty personnel for engines requiring regular attendants shall be provided with ______ equipment appropriate for the hazard present.
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The age limit of a horizontal return tubular boiler having a longitudinal lap joint and carrying over 3.5 kg/cm² (____ psig) pressure shall be twenty-five (25) years.
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Clearance around the boiler to the boiler room wall or any equipment shall be at least 100 cm (_____ ft.).
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____ shall mean a pressure vessel used for heating water by means of live steam or steam coil, or for the storage of cold water to be dispersed by means of pressure.
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The permissible working pressure vessel shall be reduced to maintain a factor of safety of not less than ___.
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What does LPG stand for?
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Cylinders shall be legibly marked for the purpose of identifying the content inside with:
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A pressure relief device or a fusible plug, when the capacity of the tank is 140 liters (____ cu.ft.) or less.
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1 hp to foot pounds per seconds is equal to _____.
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What is a platform supported on two rows of uprights or standards parallel to the wall of a building connected by horizontal ledgers?
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Fire protection equipment shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of Rule ___.
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The walls of every excavation over ___ deep shall be supported by adequate shoring and timbering to prevent collapse.
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For continued lifting, a male worker shall not be made to lift, carry or move any load over __ and female workers over __.
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_____ shall include conduit for the liquids, semi-liquids, but not solids carried in air or gas.
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Identification of piping by color or color bands for water and air.
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At least two exits shall be provided in every floor and basement of every workplace capable of clearing the work area in ___ minutes.
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Fire-exit drills shall be conducted at least ___ a year.
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What does establishment/undertaking refer to?
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Disposal of unwanted materials shall be?
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Any substance solid or liquid promoting plant growth or improving crop yield is known as:
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Any person trained and duly certified to administer first-aid by the Philippine National Red Cross is known as:
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An employer may not establish an emergency hospital or dental clinic in his workplace where there is a hospital or dental clinic located not more than ___ away from the workplace in urban areas.
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Class for occupational health services that includes physically under-developed or correctible defects, but otherwise fit to work is:
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Study Notes
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Overview
- Understanding OSH concepts is crucial for effective implementation in workplaces.
- Costs associated with accidents can be categorized into direct (injuries, damages, legal infractions) and indirect (productivity loss, reputation damage).
Cost of Accidents
- Direct costs include injury, sickness, property damage, legal fines, and lost time.
- Indirect costs encompass productivity delays and loss of business reputation.
- Iceberg Theory illustrates that 98% of accidents are preventable; only 2% are due to unavoidable factors.
Accident Risks
- Occupation-related risks emerge from acts of omission (failure to act) and acts of commission (faulty action).
- Unsafe conditions and unsafe acts are common precursors to incidents.
Industrial Hygiene Concepts
- Involves identifying workplace hazards, evaluating risks, and controlling hazards.
- Hazards fall into two categories:
- Safety hazards (mechanical, ergonomic risks).
- Health hazards (conditions leading to illness).
Risk Classification
- Risk evaluation identifies low-risk (monitor), medium-risk (develop control plans), and high-risk (stop and investigate) scenarios.
Hierarchy of Controls
- Control measures should follow the hierarchy: elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative actions, and personal protective equipment (PPE).
Boiler Safety (Rule 1160)
- Steam boilers are closed vessels designed to generate steam above atmospheric pressure.
- Various types include power boilers, miniature boilers, low pressure heating boilers, and hot water boilers, each with specific size and pressure definitions.
- Operational and safety standards include regular inspections, pressure tests, and the implementation of safety valves.
Unfired Pressure Vessels (Rule 1170)
- Unfired pressure vessels hold steam, hot water, gas, or air, excluding portable gas cylinders.
- Safety valves must be set within ±10% of designed pressure, with adequate drainage systems.
Internal Combustion Engines (Rule 1180)
- Defined as engines that generate energy through a burning fuel mixture.
- Horsepower measures performance and equates to 33,000 pounds of force or 746 watts.
Machine Guarding (Rule 1200)
- Machine guarding is essential for protecting workers from mechanical hazards through both physical barriers and active safety measures.
- Employers must ensure that all machinery includes necessary protective devices.
Additional Safety Considerations
- Guidelines exist for various components of safety frameworks, including guard requirements, structural specifications, and safety protocols within engine rooms and boiler operations.
- Comprehensive planning for boiler and pressure vessel installations includes room layouts and detailed construction drawings.
Summary of Key Regulatory Rules
- Rule 1160 outlines the definitions and operational standards specific to steam boilers and related equipment.
- Rule 1170 covers health and safety regulations for unfired pressure vessels.
- Rule 1180 establishes safety measures for internal combustion engines.
- Rule 1200 emphasizes the necessity of machine guarding to ensure worker safety against mechanical mishaps.
These notes provide a fundamental understanding of the principles and regulations governing occupational safety and health, highlighting crucial areas and specific requirements for maintaining workplace safety.### Machinery Safety
- Distance from the floor to machinery parts must be at least 7 ft.
- Pulleys must be spaced wider than the belt width for safety.
- Hood guards are essential on swing saws; a hinged design is preferable.
- Limit chains and latches prevent saws from moving beyond designated areas or rebounding.
- Counterweights ensure the automatic return of saws.
- Hood or guard for every circular and fed table saw should extend a minimum of 50mm.
- Anti-kickback devices are critical for preventing back-throwing of stock.
- Fixed guards protect operators' fingers on both sides of machinery.
- Interlocking gate guards disable machinery until operators' hands are clear.
- Limited ram travel in machines should not exceed 10mm.
- Swept guards force operator's hands away from danger zones.
- Two-handed trip devices maximize safety by requiring both hands to operate machines.
Electrical Safety (Rule 1210)
- Electrical equipment installation must comply with Bureau approval.
- Temporary installation certificates are issued for construction and amusement projects.
- Temporary electrical outlets are limited to 20, providing 4 kilowatts.
- Validity of temporary certificates is up to 120 days for ongoing constructions and 60 days for amusements.
Elevators and Related Equipment (Rule 1220)
- Elevators are defined as mechanisms for hoisting and lowering materials using a car or platform.
- The hoistway is crucial for elevator operation, encompassing the vertical travel path.
- Safety devices like buffers and counterweights ensure safe functioning.
- Elevator pits are designed for the lowest landing door while landing areas facilitate passenger discharge.
- Emergency stop switches cut power during urgent situations, protecting user safety.
Identification of Piping Systems (Rule 1230)
- Piping systems must have clear identification through stenciled legends or color-coded markings.
- Different fluid types are represented by specific colors: e.g., water (green), air (light blue), cryogenic gases (yellow ochre), and more.
- Tags are utilized for smaller pipes, while overhead lettering should be below their horizontal center line.
Fire Safety Standards (Rule 1940)
- Fire ratings specify how long materials can withstand fire exposure.
- Exits must be accessible within 5 minutes and comply with distance regulations based on occupancy type.
- Facilities need fire alarm systems, and exits should not rely on doors that present obstacles like sliding or revolving mechanisms.
Occupational Health Services (Rule 1960)
- Occupational health services provide essential support for workers and employers.
- First-aid personnel must be certified to act in emergencies.
- Health professionals organize preventative care through examinations and treatments.
- Emergency clinics should be close to workplaces to manage health issues efficiently.
Construction Safety (Rule 1410)
- Scaffold designs must ensure structural integrity; standards must be securely fastened.
- Provisions must be made to protect against falling materials, requiring safety gear for workers.
- Excavations over 1 meter must have shoring to prevent collapses, with specific requirements for deeper excavations.
- Worker lift limits are defined (50kg for males, 25kg for females) to ensure safety during manual handling.
Pesticides and Fertilizers (Rule 1950)
- Pesticides control pests comprehensively, while fertilizers promote plant growth.
- Different classes of pesticides aimed at various environments impose specific handling protocols.
- Safety measures mandate clear labeling for products, including usage instructions and hazard warnings.
Quiz Practice (Quiz 2)
- Familiarize with key terms like working pressure in kg/cm² (psig).
- Understand the significance of personal protective equipment for job safety.
- Recognize age limits for boilers based on pressure ratings.### Definitions and Equipment
- Water pressure tank: A pressure vessel used for heating water via live steam or steam coil, or for storing cold water dispensed by pressure.
- LPG: Stands for Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
Safety Regulations
- Permissible working pressure: Must maintain a factor of safety of no less than 5.
- Fire protection equipment must comply with Rule 1940.
Working Conditions
- Excavation support: Must support walls deeper than 1 meter to prevent collapse.
- Load lifting limitations: Male workers should not lift over 50 kg, while female workers should not lift over 25 kg.
Systems and Installations
- Piping system: Involves conduit for liquids and semi-liquids, not solids, transported in air or gas.
- Installation: Refers to the assembly or connection of power piping designed for safety operations.
Identification and Emergency Protocols
- Piping identification: Water piping is marked green; air piping is marked light blue.
- Workplace safety: Require at least two exits per floor or basement, clearing the area within 5 minutes.
Fire Safety and Health Personnel
- Fire drills: Must be conducted at least twice a year unless higher frequency is mandated by local authorities.
- Occupational Health Personnel: Includes qualified first-aiders, nurses, dentists, or physicians engaged for health services at a workplace.
Waste Disposal and Substances
- Disposal of unwanted materials: Should be returned to the supplier; not to be buried or burned without proper regulations.
- Fertilizers: Substances applied to soil or plants to enhance growth, which can be organic or inorganic.
Certifications and Emergency Services
- First Aider: A certified individual trained to administer first aid by accredited organizations, such as the Philippine National Red Cross.
- Emergency Service Facilities: An employer may forego setting up a workplace hospital or clinic if one is located within 5 km in urban areas or can be accessed within 2 minutes in rural areas.
Occupational Health Classifications
- Class B: Refers to workers with correctable defects (e.g., vision, dental, hearing) but are otherwise fit for duty.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental principles of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), emphasizing its significance in workplace safety. Students will explore the direct costs associated with accidents, illnesses, and property damage according to the Iceberg Theory, facilitating a deeper understanding of OSH implementation.
