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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of a basic safety management system?
What is the main purpose of a basic safety management system?
Which element in a safety management system focuses on setting up controls and responsibilities?
Which element in a safety management system focuses on setting up controls and responsibilities?
What aspect is essential during the monitoring phase of a safety management system?
What aspect is essential during the monitoring phase of a safety management system?
What is a significant responsibility in hazard identification and risk assessment?
What is a significant responsibility in hazard identification and risk assessment?
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How does employee training contribute to safety culture within an organization?
How does employee training contribute to safety culture within an organization?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of a basic safety management system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a basic safety management system?
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What role does 'review' play in the safety management system?
What role does 'review' play in the safety management system?
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Which of these statements about planning in a safety management system is accurate?
Which of these statements about planning in a safety management system is accurate?
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Which of the following is considered a direct cost of workplace incidents?
Which of the following is considered a direct cost of workplace incidents?
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What is meant by loss control in the context of occupational health and safety?
What is meant by loss control in the context of occupational health and safety?
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Which principle emphasizes that safety is a collective responsibility?
Which principle emphasizes that safety is a collective responsibility?
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What type of costs includes training of new replacement employees after an incident?
What type of costs includes training of new replacement employees after an incident?
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How do indirect costs impact a company following a workplace incident?
How do indirect costs impact a company following a workplace incident?
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Which of the following best describes hazard control?
Which of the following best describes hazard control?
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What is a primary effect of workplace accidents on employees?
What is a primary effect of workplace accidents on employees?
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Which of the following elements is NOT typically included in a safety management system?
Which of the following elements is NOT typically included in a safety management system?
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A safety management system is designed solely to identify hazards and does not address their control.
A safety management system is designed solely to identify hazards and does not address their control.
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In a safety management system, monitoring is only necessary after hazards have been identified.
In a safety management system, monitoring is only necessary after hazards have been identified.
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Employee involvement is an essential aspect of the organization element in a safety management system.
Employee involvement is an essential aspect of the organization element in a safety management system.
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The review phase in a safety management system is focused on establishing new policies rather than assessing existing ones.
The review phase in a safety management system is focused on establishing new policies rather than assessing existing ones.
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Planning in a safety management system should consider the hazards and risks proportional to the organization's activities.
Planning in a safety management system should consider the hazards and risks proportional to the organization's activities.
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Hazard control is solely focused on eliminating all potential risks in the workplace.
Hazard control is solely focused on eliminating all potential risks in the workplace.
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Indirect costs of workplace incidents can include poor employee morale leading to low production.
Indirect costs of workplace incidents can include poor employee morale leading to low production.
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The economic costs of incidents and illnesses are less significant than many people realize.
The economic costs of incidents and illnesses are less significant than many people realize.
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Direct costs associated with workplace incidents include employee compensation and regulatory penalties.
Direct costs associated with workplace incidents include employee compensation and regulatory penalties.
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The Iceberg Principle in workplace safety suggests that visible problems are typically less significant than hidden issues.
The Iceberg Principle in workplace safety suggests that visible problems are typically less significant than hidden issues.
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Wearing rubber or latex gloves is mandatory when handling used linen to prevent exposure to biological hazards.
Wearing rubber or latex gloves is mandatory when handling used linen to prevent exposure to biological hazards.
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It is safe to use your hand to pick up broken glass if you are careful.
It is safe to use your hand to pick up broken glass if you are careful.
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The most effective way to flush mucous membranes affected by contaminants is to use hot water.
The most effective way to flush mucous membranes affected by contaminants is to use hot water.
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Opening windows or air vents can help improve ventilation while working with hazardous chemicals.
Opening windows or air vents can help improve ventilation while working with hazardous chemicals.
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All chemicals should be stored in direct sunlight to maintain their chemical properties.
All chemicals should be stored in direct sunlight to maintain their chemical properties.
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What constitutes unsafe acts in the workplace?
What constitutes unsafe acts in the workplace?
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Which of the following is a recommended practice for using knives safely in the workplace?
Which of the following is a recommended practice for using knives safely in the workplace?
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What is a key step to take after identifying potential workplace hazards?
What is a key step to take after identifying potential workplace hazards?
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Which of the following statements about machinery safety is true?
Which of the following statements about machinery safety is true?
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What is the primary focus of unsafe conditions in the workplace?
What is the primary focus of unsafe conditions in the workplace?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Occupational Health and Safety
- Safety is freedom from accidents and the control of hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk.
- Incident is any event that may or may not result in loss.
- Accident is an unplanned, undesired event that disrupts an activity, not necessarily resulting in injury or damage.
- Hazard is any potential or existing condition in the workplace that can lead to death, injury, property damage, or other losses.
- Hazard control is a program designed to identify, evaluate, and eliminate or reduce hazards from human errors and workplace conditions.
- Loss control is accident prevention through a comprehensive safety and health program.
- Risk is the chance of physical or personal loss.
The Iceberg Principle
- The Iceberg Principle highlights that the visible costs (medical bills, insurance premiums, etc.) associated with workplace incidents and illnesses are only a small part of the actual economic impact.
Human Costs of Accidents
- Accidents impact workers in various ways:
- Disability, temporary or permanent, including pain and suffering.
- Loss of income and earning capacity.
- Changes in social life.
- Death.
Economic Costs of Accidents
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Direct Costs include:
- Medical costs.
- Insurance premiums.
- Employee compensation.
- Regulatory penalties.
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Indirect Costs include:
- Incident investigations.
- Cleanup of incident sites.
- Disruption of production.
- Repair or replacement of damaged materials and equipment.
- Training of new or replacement employees.
- Poor employee morale, leading to low productivity.
- Environmental litigation.
- Ecological remediation.
- Marketing efforts to maintain a positive image.
Three Basic Principles of Safety
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Responsibility and Accountability:
- Detection of conditions and practices identified as hazardous.
- Responsibility to challenge exposures not covered by safety standards or suspected to be hazardous based on experience, judgment, and available information.
- Application of appropriate countermeasures for controlling identified hazards.
Safety Management System (SMS)
- SMS is a comprehensive business management system designed to manage safety elements in a workplace.
- The primary purpose of a basic SMS is to:
- Ensure everyone in the organization can recognize and understand hazards and associated risks.
- Prevent or control operational hazards and associated risks.
- Train employees at all levels to demonstrate the importance of correcting potential hazards and protecting themselves and others.
Elements of an Effective Safety Management System
- Planning: Top management sets up an effective health and safety management system to implement the safety policy proportionate to hazards and risks.
- Organization: Involves employee and representative involvement in risk assessments, preventive and protective measures, and implementing workplace requirements.
- Control: Clarifies health and safety responsibilities and ensures coordinated activities.
- Monitoring: Top management measures the effectiveness of the safety policy, risk control, and positive safety culture development.
- Review: Reviews the entire safety management system, including planning, organization, control, and monitoring, to ensure effectiveness.
Occupational Health and Safety Management
- Occupational Health and Safety is the practice of protecting the health and well-being of workers in the workplace.
- Responsibility and accountability are key themes in workplace safety.
- Safety Management System refers to a comprehensive business management system designed to manage safety elements in the workplace.
- Goal of a safety management system is to ensure everyone within the organization understands potential safety hazards and risks.
- Objective of a safety management system is to prevent or control operational hazards and associated risks by training all employees on the importance of correcting potential hazards and how to protect themselves and others.
- Five elements of a Safety Management System are Planning, Organization, Control, Monitoring, and Review.
- Planning involves management setting up an effective health and safety management system to implement safety and health policies that accurately reflect hazards and risk.
- Organization requires the involvement of employees and their representatives in carrying out risk assessments, deciding on preventive measures, and implementing those requirements in the workplace.
- Control entails clarifying health and safety responsibilities and ensuring all activities are well coordinated.
- Monitoring requires management measurement of the effectiveness of their health and safety policies by assessing risk control effectiveness and development of positive health and safety culture.
- Review involves reviewing the entire safety management system, including planning, organization, control, and monitoring to ensure the system remains effective.
### Fundamental of Safety Management
- Safety is defined as freedom from accidents and the control of hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk.
- Incident is an event, may or may not result in loss.
- Accident is an unplanned, undesired event, not necessarily injurious or damaging, that disrupts the completion of an activity.
- Hazard is any potential or existing condition in the workplace that, by itself or by interacting with other variables, can result in death, injuries, property damage, and other losses.
- Hazard Control involves developing a program to recognize, evaluate, and eliminate (or at least reduce) the destructive efforts of hazards arising from human errors and from conditions in the workplace.
- Loss Control is accident prevention, achieved through a complete safety and health control program.
- Risk is the chance of physical or personal loss.
- Cost of Occupational Health and Safety is significant, impacting individuals and organizations.
Workplace Safety Impacts
- Human Costs of accidents include disability (temporary or permanent), pain and suffering, loss of income, loss of earning capacity, change in social life, and death.
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Economic Costs of accidents are greater than most people realize.
- Direct Costs include medical costs, insurance premiums, employee compensation, and regulatory penalties.
- Indirect Costs include incident investigations, cleanup, production disruption, repair/replacement of damaged materials/equipment, training new employees, low employee morale, environmental litigation, ecological remediation, and marketing efforts to project image.
- The Iceberg Principle highlights that the visible costs of an accident (direct costs) are only a small fraction of the total costs; the majority of the true costs are hidden beneath the surface (indirect costs).
Chemical Hazards
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Safe Practices when working with Hazardous Chemicals
- Always use a scoop when dispensing powders
- Open windows and air vents
- Use a fume mask and goggles (depending on manufacturer instructions)
- Store chemicals according to manufacturer instructions, keeping them away from heat, sunlight, and foodstuffs
- Check containers regularly for damage or leakage
- Dispose of chemicals properly following instructions on the Safety Data Sheet
- Ensure all chemicals have an MSDS and are properly labeled
- Follow instructions on chemical containers, including cleaning chemicals
- Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when handling chemicals, especially concentrates. This includes rubber gloves and eye protection
- Ensure rubber gloves are free from holes, tears or thin patches
- Never mix cleaning chemicals
- When diluting chemicals, always add concentrate to water, not water to concentrate
- If cleaning chemicals are splashed onto skin or eyes, flush the area with running water
Biological Hazards
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Preventing exposure to HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B and C
- Wash hands frequently
- Never handle broken glass with bare hands. Use tongs, pliers, a broom and dustpan to pick up glass. Place broken glass in a separate, secure container.
- Don't compress garbage or reach into garbage containers with bare hands. Remove the contents by lifting out the bag or liner. Hold garbage bags away from the body.
- Contaminated laundry should be appropriately identified
- Wear rubber or latex gloves when handling used linen or cleaning bathrooms
- Wear eye and face protection to prevent splashes into eyes or mouth
- Discard gloves after use or contamination
- Remove gloves preventing unprotected skin from coming into contact with contamination
- If eyes, nose, or mouth are affected, flush with clean water
- If a wound occurs, allow it to bleed freely, then wash thoroughly with non-abrasive soap and water.
- If non-intact skin is affected, wash the area thoroughly with soap and water
Safe Use of Ladders
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Three-point contact
- Face the ladder when standing on it, climbing up, or climbing down
- Grip two sides of the ladder with both hands to maintain a three-point contact
- Stay within the side rails
- Don’t stretch to reach spots on either side, move the ladder instead
- Use barricades and warning signs to keep traffic away from ladders
Preventing Noise Hazards
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Some Noise Control Solutions
- Replace noisy machinery
- Keep noise sources away from hard walls or corners
- Isolate or enclose noise sources
- Construct noise barriers
- Line interior surfaces with sound-absorbing materials
- Maintain machinery and equipment regularly
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Duration/Day (Hours)
- 8: Sound Level (dB) 90
- 6: Sound Level (dB) 92
- 4: Sound Level (dB) 95
- 3: Sound Level (dB) 97
- 2: Sound Level (dB) 100
- 1.5: Sound Level (dB) 102
- 1: Sound Level (dB) 105
- 0.5: Sound Level (dB) 110
- 0.25 or less: Sound Level (dB) 115
Extreme Temperature
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Avoid Suffering Heat-Related Illness
- Wear appropriate clothing
- Drink water and rest in a cool area
- Improve ventilation in the workplace
- Be aware of emergency first aid procedures for heat-related illnesses
Electrocution
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Safety Precautions
- Report damaged plugs, wires, or electrical equipment
- Ensure faulty equipment is taken out of use until repaired
- Keep power cords away from heat, water, and oil
- Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable or toxic solvents
- Do not overload electrical points
- Pull the electrical plug, not the cord
- Establish lockout-tagout procedures for electrical equipment repair and maintenance
Fire and Explosion
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Fire Extinguishers - Types & Usage
- Fire extinguishers are designed for small fires, not large ones
- Extinguishers are labeled A, B, C, D, and K
- Letters indicate what type of fire the extinguisher can be used for
- Fire extinguishers must be recharged professionally after any use
- Extinguishers should be serviced and checked semi-annually by an authorized agent
- Extinguishers should be installed away from potential fire hazards and near an exit
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How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
- Pull the pin
- Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire
- Squeeze the handle
- Sweep the nozzle back and forth across the fire
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Sound the alarm
- Inform other staff and customers
- Ensure everyone is leaving the building
- Do not allow anyone back into the building
Workplace Hazards and their Control
- Unsafe acts occur when employees fail to follow established standards, rules, or policies.
- Unsafe conditions arise from the physical or chemical properties of materials, machines, or environments that could cause injury, damage, or other losses.
Hierarchy of Controls
- The hierarchy of controls aims to eliminate or minimise risks to workers:
- Elimination: Remove the hazard entirely.
- Substitution: Replace the hazard with a less hazardous alternative.
- Engineering Controls: Design changes to isolate workers from the hazard.
- Administrative Controls: Changes to work practices, such as scheduling or job rotation.
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Used as a last resort, providing a barrier between the worker and the hazard.
Workplace Hazards and their Control
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Cuts:
- Use the correct knife for the job.
- Use a proper cutting board.
- Ensure knives are sharp.
- Store knives safely with the blade pointing down.
- Cut away from your body.
- Wear mesh gloves.
- Wash and clean sharp tools separately.
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Use Machinery with care:
- Avoid loose clothing or jewellery that could get caught.
- Ensure safety guards are in place.
- Follow operating instructions.
- Avoid reaching into moving parts.
- Use tools for pushing.
- Switch off equipment before cleaning.
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Struck Against/By Objects:
- Ensure goods and materials are stacked safely.
- Use appropriate PPE.
- Be cautious with swing doors, especially when using trolleys.
- Ensure elevated platforms are guarded.
- Provide safety harnesses for workers.
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Burns and Scalds:
- Organise work areas to prevent contact with flames and hot objects.
- Avoid reaching across hot surfaces.
- Keep floors clear.
- Use gloves for handling hot objects.
- Ensure safe temperatures for liquids.
- Ensure pot and pan handles are not sticking out.
- Do not open pressurised cookers or ovens.
- Open lids away from your body.
- Open hot water faucets slowly.
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Slips, Trips and Falls:
- Avoid obstacles in work areas and on floors.
- Keep floors and stairs dry and clean.
- Wear non-slip footwear.
- Check carpets and rugs for holes and loose edges.
- Ensure adequate lighting.
- Secure power cords.
- Ensure elevated platforms have fall protection.
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Safe use of ladders:
- Inspect the ladder before and after each use.
- Do not use defective ladders.
- Set ladders on stable and level surfaces.
- Maintain three points of contact when using ladders.
- Face the ladder when climbing.
- Stay within the side rails.
- Move the ladder rather than stretching.
- Use barricades and warning signs to keep traffic away.
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Noise Hazards:
- Reduce noise by:
- Replacing noisy machinery.
- Isolating sources of noise.
- Constructing noise barriers.
- Lining surfaces with sound-absorbing materials.
- Maintaining machinery.
- Sound levels should be kept below:
- 90 dB for 8 hours.
- 92 dB for 6 hours.
- 95 dB for 4 hours.
- 97 dB for 3 hours.
- 100 dB for 2 hours.
- 102 dB for 1.5 hours.
- 105 dB for 1 hour.
- 110 dB for 30 minutes.
- 115 dB for 15 minutes or less.
- Reduce noise by:
-
Extreme Temperature:
- Wear appropriate clothing.
- Drink water and rest in a cool area.
- Improve ventilation.
- Be aware of emergency procedures.
-
Electrocution:
- Report damaged plugs, wires, and electrical equipment.
- Ensure faulty equipment is out of use until repaired.
- Keep power cords away from heat, water, and oil.
- Do not clean electrical equipment with flammable solvents.
- Do not overload electrical points.
- Pull the plug, not the cord.
- Establish lockout-tagout procedures for electrical equipment maintenance.
-
Manual Handling:
- Assess the weight of the object.
- Do not lift objects beyond your strength.
- Get help if needed.
- Use mechanical aids whenever possible.
- Push rather than pull.
- Use leg muscles for lifting.
- Prepare by warming up your muscles.
- Stand over the object and bend your knees.
- Use a wide stance for balance.
- Keep the load close to your body.
- Keep your back straight.
- Hold the object securely.
- Avoid sudden movements or jerking.
- Avoid twisting or bending while lifting.
- Avoid bending to set a load down.
- Take small steps when walking with a load.
- Do not store heavy items in confined areas.
- Wear gloves and safety shoes when handling objects with sharp edges or extreme temperatures.
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Ergonomic Stresses:
-
Prolonged Standing:
- Use foot rails or footrests to shift body weight.
- Change working positions frequently.
- Position tools within easy reach.
- Avoid overreaching.
- Wear well-cushioned shoes.
- Avoid heels higher than 5 cm.
-
Repetitive Movements:
- Maintain a comfortable hand and wrist position.
- Reduce repetition by pacing work.
- Vary tasks and take micro-pauses.
- Use ergonomically designed tools.
- Keep tools in good working condition.
- Take 5-10 second breaks to rest muscles.
-
Prolonged Standing:
Occupational Health and Safety Law in the Philippines
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RA 11058 is the law strengthening compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Standards and providing penalties for violations.
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DO 198-18 is the implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of RA 11058.
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Joint and Solidary Liability: employers, project owners, contractors, subcontractors, and those who manage, control, or supervise the work are all jointly and solidarily liable for compliance with OSH Standards.
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Incentives: employers and workers who demonstrate OSH compliance can receive incentives like training, protective equipment, technical guidance, and recognition awards.
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Inter-Governmental Coordination: A Joint Coordinating Committee is established to harmonize policies and guidelines related to OSH across agencies like DOLE, DENR, DOE, DoTR, DA, DPWH, DTI, DILG-LGUs, DOH, DICT, PEZA, and others.
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Penalties for Violations: Willful failure to comply with OSH Standards or compliance orders can result in penalties of up to P100,000 daily until full compliance, starting from the date of the Notice of Results or Compliance Order.
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Repeat Violations: violating the same prohibited act repeatedly will result in additional penalties, with a 50% increase for each instance of repeat violation.
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Violation Severity: If a violation exposes workers to death, serious injury, or serious illness, the penalty is P100,000.
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Obstruction Penalties: Refusal to provide workplace access, records, or obstruct investigations, misrepresentation, or retaliatory measures result in an additional P100,000 fine.
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Enforcement and Effectivity: DOLE-Regional Offices enforce the law, D.O. 183-17 guides the implementation of DOLE D.O. 198-18, and the OSH Law IRR (DOLE D.O. 198-18) became effective on January 25, 2019.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of Occupational Health and Safety, including definitions of safety, incidents, accidents, hazards, and control programs. It also explores the Iceberg Principle, emphasizing the hidden costs associated with workplace incidents. Test your understanding of these crucial safety principles!
