Obstructive Lung Diseases Overview

<p>Cigarette smoking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is often seen in young adults. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects all lung zones uniformly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous pneumothorax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of alveolar walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of an inflammatory response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Squamous metaplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thickness of walls to thick glands, with a normal value of &lt;40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Onset age and allergens involved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to polycythemia vera. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atopic Asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reversible airway obstruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeated bouts of inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts as a strong attractant for eosinophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary disorder of the airways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased vascular permeability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charcot-Leyden crystals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of alveolar walls without fibrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of protease from inflammatory cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bullous emphysema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interleukin-8 (IL-8) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertrophy of mucous glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic bronchitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent wheezing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral respiratory infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug-induced asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mediators released from mast cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal prostaglandin metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeated exposure to specific antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A lung disease causing the permanent enlargement of air sacs and destruction of their walls, decreasing gas exchange.

Emphysema affecting the central parts of air sacs, often seen in smokers, in the upper lungs.

Emphysema uniformly affecting all parts of air sacs, often linked to a genetic condition (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency).

Emphysema primarily affecting the outer parts of air sacs, often near the lung lining and associated with unknown causes but sometimes with young adults.

Part of the normal lung structure, involved in airflow and gas exchange.

Part of the normal lung structure, air path leading to alveoli.

Tiny air sacs in the lungs crucial for gas exchange.

A genetic condition causing reduced protection of lung tissue from enzyme damage, strongly linked to emphysema development.

Emphysema develops due to a combination of environmental factors (smoking) and genetic predisposition, leading to damage of the lung tissue.

Excess proteases break down lung tissue, while inadequate anti-proteases (like alpha-1 antitrypsin) fail to protect it.

Factors like cigarette smoke and inflammation cause damage to the lungs by forming harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Inflammation, caused by irritants like smoking or pollutants, attracts inflammatory cells that cause damage to lung tissue.

A type of Emphysema characterized by the formation of large air pockets (bullae) in the lungs, potentially causing pneumothorax.

Chronic bronchitis is a condition marked by a persistent cough lasting at least 3 months in two consecutive years, often related to pollution or smoking.

Chronic bronchitis involves hypertrophy (enlargement) of mucous glands in the airways, leading to mucus excess.

Bronchioles have a specific structure with epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, and cartilage (in larger bronchi).

Chemicals released by airway epithelial cells, such as interleukin-8, in response to irritants like toxins and infections.

IL-13, a type of cytokine, released by T cells and innate lymphoid cells, plays a key role in the body's response to irritants in the respiratory epithelium.

A measurement used to assess the severity of chronic bronchitis, comparing the thickness of mucous glands to the overall thickness of the airway wall.

A chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and excessive mucus production in the airways, often leading to airflow obstruction.

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, often triggered by allergens or irritants.

The most common type of asthma, characterized by IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to allergens, often starting in childhood.

Term used to describe patients with severe chronic bronchitis, characterized by hypoxia (low oxygen) and cyanosis (bluish discoloration) due to poor oxygenation.

An increase in red blood cell production, a common complication of chronic bronchitis, caused by the body's response to chronic hypoxia.

A symptom of asthma, where airways produce excessive mucus, making it difficult to breathe.

Widening of blood vessels in the airways, often triggered by allergens in asthma, leading to inflammation.

A chemokine that attracts eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, to the airways in asthma.

Permanent changes in the structure of airways in asthma, caused by repeated inflammation, making breathing harder.

Permanent widening of the airways, caused by damage to the airway walls, often due to chronic infections.

Asthma without evidence of allergen sensitization. Skin tests are usually negative.

Asthma caused by certain medications, primarily aspirin. Symptoms include rhinitis, polyps, and bronchospasm.

Asthma caused by exposure to specific substances in the workplace, like fumes, dust, or chemicals.

A cytokine produced by TH2 cells, promoting IgE production and mast cell degranulation, leading to airway narrowing.

A cytokine that activates and supports eosinophils, which can damage lung endothelium.

A cytokine that increases mucus production in the airways and contributes to airway hyperreactivity.

Immediate symptoms (minutes to hours) due to mediator release from mast cells, leading to bronchoconstriction.