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Questions and Answers
What marks the beginning of the first stage of labor?
What marks the beginning of the first stage of labor?
In multiparous persons, when is the second stage of labor considered prolonged?
In multiparous persons, when is the second stage of labor considered prolonged?
What is lochia?
What is lochia?
When does the third stage of labor occur?
When does the third stage of labor occur?
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What is colostrum?
What is colostrum?
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What is the definition of gravidity?
What is the definition of gravidity?
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Which of the following best defines antenatal care?
Which of the following best defines antenatal care?
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Which event occurs during fertilization?
Which event occurs during fertilization?
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What happens to the uterus if no pregnancy occurs after ovulation?
What happens to the uterus if no pregnancy occurs after ovulation?
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How is the estimated date of delivery (EDD) calculated?
How is the estimated date of delivery (EDD) calculated?
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What is a main characteristic of intrauterine pregnancy?
What is a main characteristic of intrauterine pregnancy?
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What is the term for vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle?
What is the term for vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle?
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What is the medical term for when a fetus dies at or after the 20th week of gestation?
What is the medical term for when a fetus dies at or after the 20th week of gestation?
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What characterizes preeclampsia during pregnancy?
What characterizes preeclampsia during pregnancy?
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Which option describes oligohydramnios?
Which option describes oligohydramnios?
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What does fetal presentation refer to?
What does fetal presentation refer to?
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What is the significance of fetal engagement?
What is the significance of fetal engagement?
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Which statement correctly describes labor?
Which statement correctly describes labor?
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What aspect does fetal attitude describe?
What aspect does fetal attitude describe?
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What induces labor pain?
What induces labor pain?
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What distinguishes preterm labor?
What distinguishes preterm labor?
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Study Notes
Obstetrics & Gynecology
- A branch of medicine focusing on women's health during pregnancy, childbirth, and female reproductive organ diseases.
Internal Reproductive System
- This section of the text refers to the internal organs responsible for reproduction in females.
Pregnancy
- The period of fetal development inside a woman's uterus, lasting approximately 40 weeks (9 months) from the last menstrual period to delivery.
Fertilization & Conception
- Fertilization: The moment when a father's DNA combines with a mother's DNA within the egg.
- Conception: Encompasses the processes from fertilization to embryo implantation in the uterus.
Menstruation
- Normal vaginal bleeding as part of a woman's monthly cycle.
- The uterus sheds its lining if pregnancy doesn't occur.
- Menstrual blood is a mixture of blood and uterine tissue.
LMP & EDD
- LMP (Last Menstrual Period): The date of the first day of the most recent menstrual cycle.
-
EDD (Estimated Date of Delivery): Calculated by adding 7 days and 9 months to the first day of the LMP.
- Example: LMP: 15-8-2024, EDD = 22-5-2025.
Antenatal Care
- Healthcare provided from the start of pregnancy until delivery.
- Crucial for monitoring the woman's health and fetal development.
- Gravidity: Number of times a woman has been pregnant, including the current pregnancy.
- Parity: Number of times a woman has given birth to a viable child.
- Intrauterine Fetal Demise (IUFD): A fetus that dies at or after the 20th week of gestation.
- Stillbirth: A baby that dies in the womb during labor or within 24 hours of birth.
Different Types of Pregnancy
- Intrauterine Pregnancy (Normal Pregnancy): Embryo implants correctly in the uterine lining.
- Multiple Pregnancy: Twins or more.
- Ectopic Pregnancy: Pregnancy develops outside the uterus.
- Molar Pregnancy: Abnormal growth of tissue in the uterus.
High-Risk Pregnancy
- Gestational Hypertension/Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH): New hypertension in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks without protein in the urine or preeclampsia signs.
- Preeclampsia: Serious blood pressure condition during pregnancy with high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema.
- Eclampsia: Preeclampsia with seizures.
- Oligohydramnios: Inadequate amount of amniotic fluid.
- Polyhydramnios: Excessive amount of amniotic fluid.
Fetal Lie
- The angle of the fetus in relation to the mother and the uterus.
Fetal Presentation
- The fetal body part leading the way through the birth canal (presenting part).
- Usually the head.
Fetal Position
- Whether the fetus is facing backward (occiput anterior) or forward (occiput posterior).
- Occiput refers to the bone at the back of the baby's head.
Moulding
- Overlapping of fetal skull bones to decrease head diameter for easier passage through the birth canal.
Fetal Engagement
- When the widest part of the baby's head has entered the pelvis.
Fetal Attitude
- Describes the relation of the fetal body parts to each other.
- Head tucked to chest, arms and legs drawn in towards the chest.
Fetal Station
- Position of the presenting part in relation to the ischial spine.
Labor Pain
- Contractions of the uterine muscles and pressure on the cervix cause pain.
- Felt as cramping in the abdomen, groin, and back.
Cervical Dilatation & Effacement
- This section describes the process of cervical changes during labor, leading to full opening (dilation) and thinning (effacement).
Crowning
- When the baby's head becomes visible at the vaginal opening.
Labor
- Physiological expulsion of the fetus, membranes, umbilical cord, and placenta from the uterus.
Preterm & Postterm Labor
- Preterm Labor: Labor between 20 and 37 weeks of gestation.
- Postterm Pregnancy: Pregnancy exceeding 42 weeks.
First Stage of Labor
- Begins with regular contractions and ends with complete cervical dilation (10 cm).
- Divided into a latent phase (mild, irregular contractions) and an active phase (faster dilation and fetal descent).
Second Stage of Labor
- Begins with complete cervical dilation and ends with delivery of the fetus.
- Prolonged if it exceeds 2 hours for nulliparous women and 1 hour for multiparous women.
Third Stage of Labor
- Period between delivery of the fetus and delivery of the placenta and fetal membranes.
- Usually takes less than 10 minutes, but can last up to 30 minutes.
Fourth Stage of Labor
- The first hours after delivery.
Lochia
- Vaginal discharge after childbirth containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue.
- Resembles menstrual discharge and lasts several weeks.
Colostrum
- The first form of breast milk released after giving birth.
After Pain
- Pains after labor associated with uterine contraction to return to its non-pregnant size.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of Obstetrics and Gynecology, including the internal reproductive system, pregnancy, fertilization, menstruation, and important terms like LMP and EDD. This quiz will test your knowledge on women's health and reproductive processes.
