26 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a consideration for determining the legitimacy of an expectation of privacy in a vehicle?
The defendant's claim of ownership
What action by Villasenor delegitimatized his privacy interest in the Concorde car?
Not obtaining insurance in his name
In the context of vehicle searches, what does the term 'plain view' refer to?
The view of contraband or evidence that is immediately apparent without further search
Which of the following is NOT considered a detention or vehicle stop?
Activating red lights and sirens and pulling over the driver
What is required for a detention to be valid?
Reasonable suspicion that something relating to criminal activity has just happened
What can a detention be based on?
Specific facts that can be articulated to a court
Can a traffic stop be considered lawful if based on reasonable suspicion of a violation of the Vehicle Code?
Yes
Which of the following is NOT a valid basis for a traffic stop?
Driving significantly below the posted speed limit without other cause
What is the objective standard for evaluating the existence of a Vehicle Code violation?
Observations, training, experience, and estimated speed differential
What is a 'pretext stop' according to the text?
A stop made to investigate a crime or infraction with an additional subjective motive
In the case of White (2003), why did the appellate court determine that it was not objectively reasonable for an officer to believe that a tree-shaped air freshener obstructed the driver's clear view of the windshield?
The officer did not testify that he believed the air freshener reduced the driver's view
Based on the information provided, which of the following situations did NOT provide sufficient basis for a vehicle stop?
Noticing a vehicle with beads of water on its exterior after heavy rains
In which example did the officer's specialized training and familiarity with the area inhabitants play a role in justifying the vehicle stop?
Receiving a radio report of activated sensors on a road used by smugglers
Which example involved observations during surveillance combined with a report from a reliable informant to justify a vehicle stop?
Observing an individual loading ether into a vehicle and driving to a remote ranch
Under what circumstances can an officer lawfully stop a vehicle?
If the vehicle is driving without license plates or a temporary operating permit
In which example did the officer follow a vehicle for a mile before initiating a traffic stop based on specific articulable facts?
Noticing a vehicle with beads of water on its exterior after heavy rains
What factors can contribute to reasonable suspicion for an investigative detention of a vehicle?
The car is occupied by three African-American males who fit the general broadcast description
In what situation would a DMV report of an expired vehicle registration without any mention of a valid operating permit justify a traffic stop?
When the vehicle's registration has expired two years earlier
What does the court consider in evaluating reasonable suspicion for an investigative detention of a vehicle?
The officer's familiarity with the neighborhood and local driving patterns
Which of the following is true about the subjective intent of law enforcement officers in relation to the Fourth Amendment?
The subjective intent of the officer is never relevant in determining whether their actions violate the Fourth Amendment.
What is the only exception to the rule that subjective intent is irrelevant in Fourth Amendment analysis?
Special needs or administrative stops or searches conducted without individualized suspicion
What is the difference between a pretext stop and a ruse?
A pretext stop is when officers lack any legal basis for a stop, while a ruse is when officers fabricate the factual basis for a stop.
What is required for an officer to stop a vehicle displaying a temporary operating permit?
Reasonable suspicion that the particular permit is invalid.
Which one of the following statements is true regarding the legality of stopping a car leaving the area after a residential burglary report, even without a description of the suspects or knowledge of their mode of transportation?
It is legal to stop a car without a description of the suspects or knowledge of their mode of transportation.
What is required for an anonymous telephone tip to justify a traffic stop?
The tip must have indicia of reliability.
In the example provided, why did the U.S. Supreme Court consider the anonymous tip to be sufficiently reliable to provide reasonable suspicion to detain?
The tip was partially corroborated by the officers' observations.
Chemical Supply House and Desert Goat Ranch: A Quiz on Observations and Suspicious Activities
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