Observational Research in Psychology ch4

True (A)

Time sampling and situation sampling

<p>Time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External Validity = Generalizability across different populations Representative Samples = Samples that accurately reflect a larger population Time Sampling = Selecting predetermined time intervals Event Sampling = Observing infrequent behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may not represent general student populations or societal behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To demonstrate findings can be generalized beyond the observed group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance external validity by observing behaviors across different settings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observation without Intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>unobtrusive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Naturalistic Observation = Unobtrusive observation in natural settings Participant Observation = Researcher engages in the environment being studied Structured Observation = Specific situations created to observe behaviors Field Experiments = Manipulation of variables in a naturalistic setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to observer bias and loss of objectivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simons and Levin (1998)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variability in observers’ ratings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concealed observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observer Influence = Natural behaviors change when being watched Observer Bias = Expectations lead to systematic inaccuracies Reactivity = The impact of knowing one is observed Blind Observation = Minimizing preconceptions by limiting information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To manipulate variables in natural settings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Videotapes, audiotapes, and field notes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative Records = Rich, detailed, resource-intensive documentation Quantitative Records = Focuses on measurable outcomes and statistical analysis Reliability = Consistency of observations across different viewers Validity = Accuracy of observations in measuring what is intended</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thematic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical averages and clear interpretations of data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A research method in psychology where researchers gather data about people's behavior without changing it.

Selecting individuals, times, behaviors, and situations to learn patterns from a broader group.

How much research results apply to other people, places, and times.

A sample that mirrors the key features of the larger group it represents.

Picking specific time periods for observation, done regularly or randomly.

Choosing different situations for observing behavior.

A method used to observe something that happens infrequently.

Selection of individuals, moments, behaviors, and contexts to understand broader trends.

Unobtrusive observation in natural settings, aiming for the natural occurrence of behavior.

Methods involving researcher manipulation, such as participant observation, structured observation, and field experiments.

Unobtrusive observation of behaviors without influencing the environment.

Researchers actively engage in the studied environment. Risk of bias if researcher gets too involved.

Creating specific situations to observe behaviors, often using assistants (confederates).

Missing obvious changes in a scene due to limitations in attention.

Researchers manipulate variables in natural settings to observe behavior changes.

Used for comprehensive behavioral documentation; methods include videotapes, audiotapes, and field notes.

Focus on measuring selected behaviors quantitatively (e.g., frequency counts, durations) for statistical analysis.

Coding narrative records, arranging data meaningfully, and validating conclusions to create theories.

Using specific behaviors to measure outcomes. Includes calculations like percentages and averages (mean, standard deviation).

Consistency of observations across different viewers or criteria.

Observational findings can be reported through both qualitative and quantitative records.

Analysis depends on how the data was collected and the types of measurements.

The consistency of observations between different researchers. Low reliability suggests problems with the measurement technique or training.

When the presence of an observer alters the behavior of the subjects being observed.

When researchers' preconceptions or expectations influence their observations, leading to systematic errors.

A technique where researchers observe subjects without their knowledge, minimizing the observer effect.

A technique where observers are unaware of the key details of a study that could influence their observations, reducing bias.