Observation and Surveillance Methods

Participatory observation is a type of non-participant observation.

Covert observation involves the researcher revealing their identity and purpose to the participants.

Surveillance is a type of observation that involves systematic observation and recording of individuals' behavior.

Electronic surveillance involves monitoring of physical behavior, such as body language or facial expressions.

Virtual surveillance is a type of physical surveillance that involves monitoring of online behavior.

Informed consent is an ethical consideration that requires participants to be aware of and consent to being observed.

Deception is an ethical consideration that involves deceiving participants about the purpose or nature of the observation.

Observation

Types of Observation:
- Participant observation: researcher participates in the activity or situation being studied
- Non-participant observation: researcher observes from outside, without participating
- Covert observation: researcher observes without revealing their identity or purpose
- Overt observation: researcher observes openly, with participants' knowledge and consent

Surveillance

Definition: systematic observation and recording of individuals' behavior, often in a public or semi-public space
Types of Surveillance:
- Physical surveillance: in-person observation, often using hidden cameras or recording devices
- Electronic surveillance: monitoring of digital communications, such as phone calls, emails, or online activity
- Virtual surveillance: monitoring of online behavior, such as social media activity or website tracking
Ethical Considerations:
- Informed consent: participants must be aware of and consent to being observed
- Privacy: researchers must respect individuals' right to privacy and avoid collecting unnecessary data
- Deception: researchers must avoid deceiving participants about the purpose or nature of the observation

Test your understanding of different types of observation and surveillance methods, including participant observation, covert observation, and electronic surveillance. Learn about the ethical considerations involved in these research methods.