Objectives Resolution Quiz 1949

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the features of the Objectives Resolution?

  • Minorities have the freedom to practice their religions
  • Sovereignty belongs to Almighty Allah
  • Constitution will be framed for an independent state of Pakistan
  • Recognition of a secular state framework (correct)

What role did the Constituent Assembly have according to the discussed historical context?

  • To facilitate land reforms and economic planning
  • To write a new constitution and govern the country (correct)
  • To provide a forum for political parties to debate reforms
  • To oversee military operations against India

According to the Objectives Resolution, who is the ultimate source of authority in Pakistan?

  • The Constitution
  • The people of Pakistan
  • The Parliament
  • Almighty Allah (correct)

What was the initial number of members in the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan?

<p>69 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Objectives Resolution, which principle is included to protect minority rights?

<p>Legitimate interests of minorities must be safeguarded (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the objectives of the Constituent Assembly formed in 1947?

<p>To draft the constitution of an independent Pakistan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does the Objectives Resolution emphasize as the distinctive political philosophy of Pakistan?

<p>Sovereignty of God (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major objection raised by non-Muslims regarding the Objectives Resolution?

<p>It blended religion and politics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following issues was NOT among those faced by the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan?

<p>Environmental Policy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary task of the Basic Principle Committee (BPC) formed by the Constituent Assembly?

<p>To formulate basic principles for the Constitution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the first BPC report, how was the lower house of Parliament to be elected?

<p>Based on population size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did the Muhammad Ali Bogra Formula suggest for the legislative structure of Pakistan?

<p>Equal representation in the upper house (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle was emphasized in the Objectives Resolution regarding the rights of minorities?

<p>Respect for rights, interests, and culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did federalism present for Pakistan during the establishment of its constitution?

<p>Power division between Centre and Provinces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which report suggested that both houses of Parliament should enjoy equal status and powers?

<p>Second BPC Report (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason for resistance against the second BPC report by East Pakistan and Punjab?

<p>Concerns over equal representation principles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic did the AIML leaders display concerning the state's religious orientation?

<p>Selection of a middle way between Islamic laws and democratic values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the tradition established during British rule affect the debate on federalism in Pakistan?

<p>Contributed to demands for provincial rights and autonomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theme emerged as a key issue in the formation of Pakistan's constitution regarding representation?

<p>Balancing representation between East and West Pakistan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was achieved by the Bogra Formula in relation to national language?

<p>It suggested both Urdu and Bengali as national languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the One Unit of West Pakistan established in 1955?

<p>It amalgamated all provinces of West Pakistan to ensure parity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Language Movement that began in 1952?

<p>The adoption of the Two-language formula in 1954. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of governance was primarily favored by the Constituent Assembly immediately after independence?

<p>Strict parliamentary system with no presidential features. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Objectives Resolution impact the future constitution of Pakistan?

<p>It provided a foundation based on Islamic and democratic values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the position of the First Basic Principles Committee Report regarding the role of the President?

<p>The President would have extensive emergency powers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue was NOT addressed in the original proposals of the First Basic Principles Committee?

<p>The national language of Pakistan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the relationship between the Pakistani state and Islam during the formation of the constitution?

<p>A strong alliance between the state and Islamic institutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the response of the East Pakistan representatives to the First Basic Principles Committee Report?

<p>They criticized it for denying majority representation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who primarily supported the idea of the Separate Electorate in 1909?

<p>Muslim groups wanting exclusive political power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change was enacted regarding electorates in Pakistan by 1957?

<p>Adoption of Joint Electorate for all regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the implications of the death of Jinnah for the language controversies in Pakistan?

<p>It intensified opposition against Urdu in East Bengal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event marked the abrogation of the 1962 Constitution?

<p>The implementation of martial law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary viewpoint of the Islamic elements regarding the future constitution?

<p>A call for incorporating Islamic principles into governance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important document established the framework for governance in Pakistan after Independence?

<p>The modified Government of India Act (1935). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a feature of the parliamentary system established by the 1973 Constitution?

<p>The Prime Minister must be elected by the National Assembly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term length for the President according to the 1973 Constitution?

<p>5 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the final draft of the 1973 Constitution approved?

<p>1973 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle guides the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces?

<p>Federal and provincial autonomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What body was established to oversee the implementation of Islamic provisions in the Pakistani legal system?

<p>Federal Shariat Court (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clause defines the Islamic Republic of Pakistan's state religion?

<p>Article 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period was the 1973 Constitution suspended?

<p>1999-2002 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original strength of the National Assembly as per the 1973 Constitution?

<p>210 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum age requirement for the President of Pakistan as per the 1973 Constitution?

<p>45 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body is primarily responsible for presenting the budget in the legislative framework of the 1973 Constitution?

<p>National Assembly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Senate is true?

<p>Permanent house with a three-year election cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amendment inserted the Objectives Resolution into the 1973 Constitution?

<p>8th amendment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the National Security Council play in the constitutional framework?

<p>Advisory capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is primarily used in the production of plaster of Paris, paints, and cement?

<p>Gypsum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental benefit provided by forests, as mentioned in the content?

<p>Protection against windstorms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions is known for its deposits of Uranium?

<p>Kohat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agricultural problems is mainly attributed to outdated practices?

<p>Low per acre yield (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major agricultural seasons in Pakistan?

<p>RABI and KHARIF (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is significant coal found in Pakistan?

<p>Sindh and Balochistan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crop is NOT typically harvested in the RABI season?

<p>Rice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of land reforms mentioned in the agricultural context?

<p>To reduce land holding and improve tenant conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is coal not considered to be found in good quantity and quality?

<p>Geological challenges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral's deposits are primarily used as a source for chemical industry?

<p>Sulphur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the ideal forest cover percentage for a country?

<p>25 percent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified as a major source of energy now found in Jhelum, Mianwali, and Attock?

<p>Oil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the critical roles of the Department of Agricultural mentioned?

<p>Providing technical support for crop diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who served as the Governor General immediately after M.A. Jinnah?

<p>Kh.Nazimuddin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the transition from Ayub Khan's rule to Yahya Khan's control?

<p>Resignation of Iskander Mirza (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major reasons for political instability in 1950s Pakistan?

<p>Constitution-making process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary agricultural region in Pakistan?

<p>Indus Plains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant constitutional change occurred in March 1969?

<p>Suspension of the 1962 Constitution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral resource in Pakistan is primarily used for industrial purposes?

<p>Chromite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Durand Line established as a border between Pakistan and Afghanistan?

<p>1893 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During whose leadership was the One Unit Scheme established?

<p>Iskander Mirza (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political party won the largest number of seats in the 1970 General Elections?

<p>Awami League (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Pakistan's population is estimated to be under the age of 21?

<p>Over 50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Z.A. Bhutto emphasize in his policy during his administration?

<p>Nationalization of key sectors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What climatic condition is experienced in the Indus Plains during summer?

<p>Extremely hot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law was enacted to restrict political activities during Ayub Khan's rule?

<p>EBDO (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which territory occupies the largest percentage of Pakistan's area?

<p>Balochistan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key features of the provincial population in Pakistan?

<p>Majority of the population lives in Punjab (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the 1973 Constitution?

<p>Established parliamentary sovereignty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many seats were allocated for the National Assembly in the 1970 elections?

<p>313 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mountain ranges are included in the North and Northwest regions of Pakistan?

<p>Himalayan and trans-Himalayan Ranges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily drives migration to urban areas in Pakistan?

<p>Education and job opportunities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major issue did Z.A. Bhutto face post-1977 elections?

<p>Allegations of election rigging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which military ruler's regime is known for the longest period of martial law in Pakistan's history?

<p>Zia-ul-Haq (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the border between Pakistan and India?

<p>1400 miles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which season in Pakistan spans from May to September?

<p>Summer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the separation of East Pakistan in 1971?

<p>Civil War (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge faced due to high population growth in Pakistan?

<p>Food security issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant change did the Legal Framework Order (LFO) in 1970 focus on?

<p>Constitution making process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of climate is found in the coastal regions of Pakistan?

<p>Temperate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary objective of the Constitutional Commission established in February 1960?

<p>To identify and analyze the failure of the previous parliamentary system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who had the authority to decide if a law was in conformity with Islamic teachings?

<p>The National Assembly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one feature of the presidential system established by the 1962 Constitution?

<p>A powerful president was responsible for administration and could dissolve the National Assembly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were seats in the National Assembly allocated under the 1962 Constitution?

<p>There were 150 seats with 6 reserved for women, elected indirectly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of Basic Democrats introduced in October 1959?

<p>They were responsible for local government and developmental work. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change regarding political parties in the 1962 Constitution?

<p>Political parties were legalized through the Political Parties Act. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was maintained within the 1962 Constitution concerning fundamental rights?

<p>Fundamental rights were included within the constitutional framework. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Advisory Council for Islamic Ideology have under the 1962 Constitution?

<p>It acted as a recommendatory body to ensure laws conformed to Islamic principles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the aims of the Directive Principles of State Policy included in the 1962 Constitution?

<p>To promote welfare and non-discrimination among citizens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the implication of the term 'powerful president' in the context of the 1962 Constitution?

<p>The president held extensive executive, legislative, and judicial powers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was federalism structured under the 1962 Constitution?

<p>Only East and West Pakistan were recognized as provinces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the provisions regarding the president's elections in the 1962 Constitution?

<p>The president was elected indirectly and could serve five years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of including Islamic provisions in the 1962 Constitution?

<p>Islamic principles guided the laws and policies of the state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event marked the abrogation of the previous constitution before the 1962 Constitution was established?

<p>The military takeover on October 7, 1958. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of Pakistan's foreign policy?

<p>Protection of independence and security (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following universities is NOT mentioned as a military foundation for education in Pakistan?

<p>University of Engineering and Technology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has been described as a reliable and consistent friend of Pakistan over the decades?

<p>China (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many times has Pakistan enjoyed membership in the Security Council of the UN?

<p>6 times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of education does Pakistan emphasize as crucial for development?

<p>Technical education at all levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has primarily influenced Pakistan's foreign policy options regarding India?

<p>National mobilization concerning security (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which international organization is Pakistan a member of, fostering its foreign relations?

<p>United Nations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has historically been favorable to India at the cost of its relations with Pakistan?

<p>Russia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Pakistan advocate for concerning arms control?

<p>Arms control at superpower and regional levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following issues has NOT been emphasized by Pakistan in its foreign policy?

<p>Support for human rights globally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of industrialization for a nation?

<p>Enhanced quality of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable aim of the foreign policy features of Pakistan?

<p>Ensuring territorial integrity and sovereignty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which initiative was primarily aimed at encouraging private sector industrial development in Pakistan?

<p>Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of education should be universal according to the development goals stated?

<p>Primary education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect was emphasized in the early industrial policies of Pakistan post-independence?

<p>Building industries around indigenous raw materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major geopolitical challenge does Pakistan face, which influences its foreign policy?

<p>Relations with India (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the nationalization policy adopted by the government in the 1970s?

<p>Flight of capital from the country (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which industry is considered the major agro-based industry in Pakistan?

<p>Sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge faced by the iron and steel industry in Pakistan?

<p>Availability of low-quality iron ore (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan (IDBP) serve?

<p>Offering loans at concessional rates for industrial projects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shift in policy occurred in Pakistan's government starting from the early 1990s?

<p>Denationalisation and privatization policies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a priority of the early industrial development plans in Pakistan?

<p>Nationalization of industries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the establishment of institutions like PICIC facilitate industrial development in Pakistan?

<p>By launching investment schemes and offering loans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city is known for textile manufacturing in Pakistan?

<p>Karachi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of cottage industries?

<p>Small-scale operations with limited resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as necessary for successful privatization and foreign investment in Pakistan?

<p>Political and economic stability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions did Zia-ul-Haq implement as part of his Islamisation policies?

<p>Establishment of Shariat benches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the controversial aspects of the 8th Constitutional Amendment introduced during Zia-ul-Haq's regime?

<p>Empowered the President to dissolve the National Assembly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provision regarding local governance did General Musharraf introduce during his rule?

<p>Decentralization of power to district governments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of the referendum held in April 2002 during Musharraf's regime?

<p>Confirmation of Musharraf as president for five additional years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which among the following programs was NOT introduced by Zia-ul-Haq for Islamisation?

<p>Constitutional amendment for economic privatization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major reason civilian governments in the 1985-1999 period struggled to complete their terms?

<p>58-2B clause of the 8th amendment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reform effort did General Musharraf emphasize during his government prioritization?

<p>Improvement of law and order conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a fundamental principle of the interest-free banking initiated by Zia-ul-Haq?

<p>Profit and loss sharing system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary intent behind introducing the new educational policies during Zia-ul-Haq's regime?

<p>Ensuring the Islamic character of the syllabus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What governmental structure arose post-2002 elections during Musharraf's rule?

<p>Coalition governments formed under civilian leadership (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change to mass media introduced during Zia-ul-Haq's regime?

<p>Implementation of prayer breaks in offices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which broad economic goal did Musharraf set for his administration?

<p>Reviving the economy and restoring investor confidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of governance did Musharraf aim to achieve through his framework of accountability?

<p>Recovery of looted wealth and scrutiny of public service (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coalition was notably effective in NWFP during Musharraf's government?

<p>MMA (Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a major purpose of education in society?

<p>To enhance individual, societal, and state development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue related to educational funding is highlighted as a challenge in Pakistan?

<p>Underfunding of educational infrastructure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as a reason for low literacy rates in Pakistan?

<p>Access to online education resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of education is defined as covering classes 1 to 5?

<p>Primary education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the identified problems with the examination system in Pakistan?

<p>It emphasizes tests of memory rather than understanding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups are mentioned as influencing students in educational environments?

<p>Political parties and external groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of adult education as defined in the educational framework?

<p>To educate adults who missed opportunities in earlier life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of education allows students to learn from home using media?

<p>Distance education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a professional educational field?

<p>Adult education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant challenge related to teacher recruitment in Pakistan?

<p>Low salaries and lack of incentives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of distance education mentioned in the framework?

<p>It combines media with lecture and tutorial systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the literacy rate improvement strategies discussed?

<p>Enhancing primary and overall literacy rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which educational level comes after Middle Level and before Secondary Level?

<p>Higher Secondary Education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which sector has privatization primarily occurred within the educational framework?

<p>Public schools and universities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the most significant consequence of the "Third Report: Muhammad Ali Formula" in terms of the political landscape of Pakistan?

<p>It effectively resolved the language controversy, leading to the adoption of both Urdu and Bengali as official languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason behind the criticism of the "Second BPC Report" in 1952, particularly from politicians in Punjab?

<p>The report disregarded the principle of federation by proposing equal representation for both East and West Pakistan in the Upper House. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key element that led to the creation of the "One Unit Scheme" in 1955?

<p>The need to resolve the complicated issue of representation of West Pakistan's different provinces in the Constituent Assembly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan?

<p>A presidential system where the President holds the most executive power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the most significant impact of the "Muhammad Ali Formula" on the drafting of the 1956 Constitution?

<p>It brought an end to the political deadlock and paved the way for the drafting and implementation of the 1956 Constitution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan differ from the Interim Constitution?

<p>The 1956 Constitution declared Pakistan as an Islamic Republic, while the Interim Constitution remained secular. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the 1956 Constitution and the Government of India Act, 1935?

<p>The 1956 Constitution adopted several provisions and principles from the Government of India Act, 1935, particularly relating to the structure of governance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of establishing the "Advisory Board of five Islamic scholars" as proposed in the "Second BPC Report"?

<p>To ensure that all laws passed in Pakistan were in accordance with Islamic principles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST captures the essence of the "One Unit Scheme" as it pertains to Pakistan's political landscape?

<p>It was a step taken to address the issue of unequal representation in the Constituent Assembly, ensuring a fair and equitable balance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly (CA) in October 1954?

<p>The CA was dissolved by the Governor General due to a political crisis and a perceived threat to national unity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major criticism of the "Third Report: Muhammad Ali Formula" as mentioned in the content?

<p>It was criticized for its complicated process, requiring a 30 percent majority from each zone to pass any decision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary function of the "Independent Judiciary" as described in the content?

<p>To interpret the constitution and settle disputes between the government and citizens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason behind the failure to draft and implement a constitution in Pakistan immediately after its independence?

<p>The unresolved issue of representation between East and West Pakistan, leading to continuous political deadlock. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the politicians from Punjab object to the formation of the Upper House based on equal representation between East and West Pakistan, as proposed in the "Second BPC Report"?

<p>They believed it would undermine the principle of democracy, depriving provinces with larger populations their rightful representation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the "One Unit Scheme" in the process of constitution making in Pakistan?

<p>It created a unified political entity, simplifying the representation issues and facilitating the constitution drafting process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main argument put forward by the Sindh Court challenging the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in October 1954?

<p>That the Governor General had exceeded his authority, violating the terms of the Interim Constitution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Objectives Resolution

The first constitutional document establishing principles for Pakistan's constitution-making process.

Liaquat Ali Khan

The Prime Minister who moved and approved the Objectives Resolution in 1949.

Constituent Assembly (1947-54)

The assembly formed to draft the Constitution after the Indian Independence Act in 1947.

Sovereignty of Allah

The principle stating that ultimate authority belongs to Almighty Allah over the state.

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Democratic Principles in Objectives Resolution

The commitment to democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice as stated in the Objectives Resolution.

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Rights of Minorities

The provision in the Objectives Resolution ensuring freedoms for minorities in Pakistan.

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Federation with Autonomous Units

Pakistan is established as a federation with semi-independent regions.

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Islamic Guidance in Life

The emphasis on organizing life according to the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah for Muslims.

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Bogra Formula

An agreement that established parity and representation of the populations in Pakistan.

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One Unit of West Pakistan

A political unit formed in 1955 by merging Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, and Baluchistan.

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Separate Electorate

A voting system for Muslims that separated their electorate from others, adopted in 1909.

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Joint Electorate

A system where all electorates vote together, adopted by the National Assembly in 1957.

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National Language Issue

The debate over Urdu and Bengali as national languages after independence.

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Two-language formula

Adopted in 1954 to support both Urdu and regional languages in Pakistan.

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Parliamentary System

System of governance with an elected parliament, preferred over a presidential model.

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Presidential Constitution of 1962

A governmental framework established in 1962 favoring a presidential system.

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Islamic or Secular State

Debate on whether Pakistan would closely align with Islam or remain secular.

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Basic Principles Committee (BPC)

A group formed to draft the constitution, focusing on federal structure and rights.

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Legislature Structure

Proposed shape of parliament with an upper and lower house based on representation.

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Head of State Powers

The president’s powers, including appointment authority and emergency powers.

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Criticism of BPC Report

The backlash against the BPC report for failing to satisfy East and West Pakistan demands.

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Representation Protests

East Pakistan's concerns over being treated as a minority in governance.

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Sovereignty of God

The principle asserting that God is the ultimate source of power.

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Minority Rights

Respect and rights guaranteed to non-Muslim and disadvantaged groups.

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Federalism in Pakistan

A system of governance balancing power between regional and central authorities.

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Representation Issues

The challenge of fairly representing diverse populations in parliament.

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First BPC Report

The initial proposal for Pakistan’s parliamentary structure focusing on population for the lower house.

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Second BPC Report

The final proposal offering equal powers to both houses of parliament in Pakistan.

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Muhammad Ali Bogra Formula

A bicameral legislature plan ensuring equal representation for all provinces in the upper house.

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Legal Authority of Constitution

The supreme law governing political power and legal governance.

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Elected Constituent Assembly

Group responsible for drafting Pakistan's first constitution post-independence.

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Separate vs. Joint Electorate

Debate on electoral systems, either keeping voters distinct or integrated.

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Islamic vs. Secular State

The conflict between implementing Islamic laws or maintaining a secular government.

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Preamble of Constitutions

The Objectives Resolution serves as a preface basis for all subsequent constitutions in Pakistan.

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Political Philosophy of Resolution

Integrates Islamic ideology with universal democratic values.

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Directive Principles of State Policy

Guidelines for policy making included in the constitution.

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Islamic Character

The constitutional requirement to conform laws to Islamic principles.

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Basic Democracies

A local government system introduced to promote democracy and stability.

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Constitution of 1962

The constitution established after military rule on March 1, 1962.

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President's Powers

The president holds executive, legislative, and judicial powers in the state.

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National Assembly (NA)

Legislative body of Pakistan with specific age and election rules.

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Impeachment of President

NA can impeach the president, but it is challenging to achieve.

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Federalism

The structure dividing power between central and provincial governments.

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Principles of Policy

Set principles ensuring national solidarity and backward people's interests.

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Fundamental Rights

Rights guaranteed under the constitution to protect individual freedoms.

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Political Parties Act of 1962

Legislation that allowed political parties to operate legally.

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Islamic Research Institute

An institute for research and guidance in Islamic teachings.

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Advisory Council for Islamic Ideology

A body to provide recommendations on Islamic principles in governance.

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Welfare of the People

A principle focusing on improving people's quality of life and needs.

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Judicial Review by NA

The National Assembly's role in ensuring laws meet Islamic standards.

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East Pakistan's Population

East Pakistan had a larger population than West Pakistan but faced unfair treatment in representation.

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Official Language Controversy

The proposal to make Urdu the official language was rejected in East Pakistan, causing dissent.

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Islamic Principles in Law

The report promised laws would comply with Islamic principles and involved scholars.

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Third Report: Muhammad Ali Formula

Revised proposals included equal representation in the Upper House and more for East in the Lower House.

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Constitution Assembly Dissolution

The Governor-General dissolved the Constituent Assembly, leading to legal challenges in court.

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One Unit Scheme

The One Unit Scheme unified Western Pakistan into a single entity for equal representation.

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President's Role in 1956 Constitution

The President had limited powers and was elected by the National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies.

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Prime Minister's Appointment

The President appointed the Prime Minister, who required majority support from the National Assembly.

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Parliamentary Structure

The 1956 Constitution established a Unicameral National Assembly with 300 members and women's seats.

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Federal System of Governance

Three lists dictate powers: Federal, Provincial, and Concurrent under the 1956 Constitution.

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Judiciary Independence

The constitution established an independent judiciary with the Supreme Court as the highest court.

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1973 Constitution

The main legal document established on August 14, 1973, serving as Pakistan's constitution.

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Interim Constitution 1972

A temporary constitution approved by the National Assembly on April 21, 1972, before the 1973 Constitution.

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Senate

The upper house of Parliament representing provinces with equal strength.

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Federal System

A government form where power is divided between central and provincial authorities.

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Islamic Provisions

Clauses in the constitution that ensure Islamic principles govern state affairs.

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National Security Council

An advisory body established to discuss national security issues.

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Judiciary

An independent system of courts to interpret and enforce the law.

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Provincial Governors

Officials appointed by the President on advice from the Prime Minister to oversee provinces.

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Electoral Reforms 1985

Changes that increased the President's powers within the parliamentary system.

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Voting Age

The legal age to vote, lowered from 21 to 18 years.

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Provincial Autonomy

The degree of self-government provinces hold within the federal structure.

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Regulatory Authority.

The powers given to provinces over specific areas, ensuring local governance.

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Geographical Location of Pakistan

Pakistan is located between 24-37° N latitude and 61-75° E longitude.

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Area of Pakistan

Pakistan covers an area of 796,095 square kilometers.

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Population Growth Rate

The population growth rate in Pakistan was over 3% during the 1970s to early 1990s.

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Urban Population

About 30% of Pakistan's population lives in urban areas.

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Provincial Population Distribution

Punjab constitutes about 56-57% of Pakistan's population, followed by Sindh at 23%.

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Natural Resources

National resources include minerals, rivers, forests, and animals crucial for development.

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Monsoon Rainfall

Summer is the main rainy season in Pakistan, influenced by monsoon.

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Climate Regions

Pakistan has diverse climates: cold in the north, hot in the Indus Plains, temperate on the coast.

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Indus Plains

The main agricultural region in Pakistan located in the middle of the Indus Valley.

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Boundaries of Pakistan

Pakistan shares borders with China, Afghanistan, Iran, and India.

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Indus Valley Significance

The Indus Valley is the cradle of ancient civilizations and central to agriculture.

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Female Literacy Rate

Women's literacy rates in some areas of Baluchistan are very low, close to non-existent.

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Census Frequency

Census in Pakistan is conducted every ten years to assess population.

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Kashmir Conflict

Pakistan faces ongoing territorial disputes with India over Kashmir, a highly volatile region.

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Government Population Management

Efforts by the government and NGOs to manage population growth through health and education.

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Governor Generals of Pakistan

The head of state of Pakistan before the presidency, including M.A.Jinnah and others.

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First Prime Minister of Pakistan

Liaquat Ali Khan, serving from August 1947 to October 1951.

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Second Constituent Assembly

Formed in 1955 after the first was dissolved to draft a new constitution.

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Martial Law (1958-62)

Military rule imposed by Ayub Khan starting in October 1958.

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Ayub Khan's Referendum

Election method used by Ayub Khan to legitimize his rule in 1960.

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Tashkent Pact

Peace agreement signed in 1966 after the Indo-Pakistani War.

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Indo-Pakistan War

The conflict resulting in the separation of East Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh.

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Z.A. Bhutto's Nationalization

Public ownership policy enacted during Bhutto's regime, targeting key industries.

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Bhutto's Health Policy

A policy aimed at providing cheap medicine and healthcare facilities.

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1977 Elections

Controversial elections that led to accusations of rigging and civil unrest.

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General Zia-ul-Haq's Rule

Longest military rule in Pakistan starting in 1977 and ending in 1985.

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Political Instability

The pervasive weakness and short-lived governments in Pakistan's early years.

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Economic Management Issues

Challenges in managing industrialization, agriculture, and education in early Pakistan.

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Importance of Education

Education is vital for individual and societal development, shaping values and talents.

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Challenges in Education

Pakistan faces funding issues, low literacy rates, and high dropout rates.

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Literacy Rate in Pakistan

Pakistan's literacy rate is around 46%, lower for females and in rural areas.

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School Enrollment Issues

Many children are not enrolled in school, leading to high dropout rates.

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Ghost Schools

Schools that exist only on paper without any actual students or facilities.

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Teacher Shortage

There is a critical shortage of qualified teachers in Pakistan's educational system.

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Student-Teacher Ratio

High ratio means teachers cannot give individual attention to students.

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Examination Issues

Examinations emphasize memorization over comprehension, causing problems in learning.

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Politicization in Education

Political influences in schools can create violence and disrupt learning environments.

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Types of Education

Includes primary, secondary, higher education, and adult education among others.

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Distance Education

Flexible learning that allows students to study from home or remote locations.

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Private Education Sector

Includes private schools and universities that often offer quality but expensive education.

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Primary Education

The first stage of education covering grades 1 to 5, often with mosque schools involved.

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Adult Education

Programs designed for adults who missed schooling in youth to gain education later in life.

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Educational Rights and Responsibilities

Education equips individuals with knowledge about their rights and duties in society.

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Industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country for self-reliance and economic growth.

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Importance of Agriculture

Agriculture provides raw materials for industries, facilitating economic development.

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Poverty Reduction

Industrialization helps lower poverty levels by creating job opportunities and improving living standards.

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Defence and Security

Industrialization enhances a nation's ability to support its defense and security needs.

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Pakistan's Industrial Infrastructure in 1947

Pakistan had a limited industrial base, only 4% of India's industry.

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Early Industrial Priorities

Focus included using local raw materials and encouraging private initiatives for industry.

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Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC)

Established in 1950 to promote less attractive industries for private investment.

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Nationalisation of Industries

In the 1970s, industries were nationalized, resulting in increased state roles and reduced output.

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Denationalization Movement

Since the 1990s, Pakistan has shifted towards denationalization and promoting privatization.

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Textile Industry

The significant industry in Pakistan, relying on agriculture, with major centers in Faisalabad, Multan, and Karachi.

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Cement Industry Expansion

The cement industry has grown significantly, with over 20 factories established in Pakistan.

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Iron and Steel Industry

Critical for construction, but struggles due to poor quality raw materials in Pakistan.

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investments made by foreign entities in Pakistani industries to promote economic growth.

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Cottage Industry

Small-scale industries involving households or small groups, using limited resources.

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Future Directions of Industrialization

Emphasis on a mixed economy, political stability, and privatization for future industrial growth.

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Technical Education in Pakistan

Education focused on practical skills in technology and trades.

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National University of Science and Technology (NUST)

A leading institute in Pakistan offering various scientific disciplines.

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Air Force University

Educational institution focusing on military and technical training.

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Bilateral Relations

Political, economic, and cultural ties between two countries.

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Foreign Policy Motives

National interest, security, and economic reasons guiding a country's foreign relations.

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Kashmir Issue

Ongoing conflict between Pakistan and India over the Kashmir region.

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Major Powers Relations

Interactions with powerful nations like the US and China.

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Economic Development Importance

Focus on improving the economy as part of foreign relations.

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Support for Muslim States

Pakistan's commitment to fostering relations with fellow Muslim countries.

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UN Membership

Pakistan joined the United Nations in 1947, upholding its principles.

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Right of Self Determination

Support for nations to determine their political status, notably in Kashmir and Palestine.

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Arms Control Advocacy

Efforts to limit arms proliferation for human development.

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Decolonization Support

Advocating for freedom from colonial rule for oppressed nations.

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Economic Relations with Developing Countries

Concern for trade and investment relations with other developing nations.

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Peace Resolution Advocacy

Promoting peaceful resolution of conflicts in foreign policy.

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Zia-ul-Haq's Agenda

A plan focused on Effective Administration, Islamisation, and Return to Democracy.

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Islamisation

The process of embedding Islamic values into the legal and social framework.

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Shariat Courts

Courts established to apply Islamic law by Zia-ul-Haq in the late 1970s.

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Interest-Free Banking

Banking system introduced by Zia-ul-Haq based on profit and loss sharing.

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Local Bodies Elections 1979

Elections held to establish local governance under Zia-ul-Haq.

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Referendum 1984

A vote held to elect Zia-ul-Haq as president for a five-year term.

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8th Constitutional Amendment

An amendment giving the president power to disband the National Assembly.

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Musharraf's Political Priorities

Goals set by Musharraf focusing on national cohesion and accountability.

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Legal Framework Order (LFO)

Legal changes introduced by Musharraf to organize governance.

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Civilian Governments After 1985

Governments formed post-martial law that struggled to complete their terms.

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Return to Democracy

Efforts made by subsequent leaders to restore democratic governance.

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Martial Law

Military control over governance, often suspending civil rights.

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Political Accountability

Responsibility of leaders to report on their actions and decisions.

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Withdrawal of Martial Law 1985

The ending of military rule in December 1985 to restore civilian governance.

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Coalition Governments

Governments formed by multiple political parties working together.

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Chromite Deposits

Found in regions like Zoab, Chaghai, and Malakand; used in industrial processes.

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Gypsum Uses

Used for plaster of Paris, paints, and cement; found in Jhelum and Mianwali.

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Coal Significance

Used for power generation and fuel; found mainly in Sindh and Balochistan.

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Oil Reserves

Major energy source, primarily imported; some reserves found in Jhelum and Mianwali.

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Gas Resources

Used for energy and power generation; found in Sui and Mari.

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Uranium Use

Essential for atomic power; deposits in DG Khan and Hazara.

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Indus River System

Main river system in Pakistan, key for irrigation and agriculture.

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Deforestation Consequences

Causes loss of biodiversity, affects climate, and leads to soil erosion.

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Agricultural Employment

Over 50% of Pakistan's population engaged in farming and agro-based activities.

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Rabi and Kharif Crops

Rabi crops are sown in winter; Kharif crops in summer, with different produce.

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Land Reforms

Introduce various policies to reduce landholding and improve tenant welfare.

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Agriculture Problems

Includes outdated practices, water issues, and access to credit and markets.

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Industrialization Importance

Key to economic development, modernization, and enhancing trade.

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Animal Husbandry

Breeding and care of livestock for milk, meat, and wool; supports agriculture.

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Fisheries Role

Source of food and income; supported by government initiatives.

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Study Notes

Objectives Resolution (1949)

  • First constitutional document foundational to Pakistan's constitutional development
  • Provided parameters and principles for legislators
  • Facilitated easy constitution-making by setting clear objectives acceptable to Pakistanis
  • Introduced by Liaquat Ali Khan, Prime Minister at the time
  • Approved on March 12, 1949

Constituent Assembly (1947-54)

  • Established under the Indian Independence Act of 1947
  • Elections held in 1946 to determine the fate of the AIML's claim for a separate homeland (Pakistan)
  • Initially, 69 members from designated districts
  • Membership increased to 79 as states joined and population grew
  • Two major parties: Muslim League and Congress
  • Dual purpose: Forming a constitution and governing

Features of the Objectives Resolution

  • Sovereignty belongs to God alone
  • State authority is a sacred trust, exercised within God's limits
  • Constitution for a sovereign Pakistan
  • Pakistan's power exercised through people's representatives
  • Islam's democratic principles (democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, social justice) maintained
  • Muslims empowered by Islamic teachings (Quran & Sunnah)
  • Religious freedom and cultural development for minorities
  • Protection of minorities' interests, backward classes
  • Pakistan as a federation with autonomous units, sovereignty protected
  • The future of Pakistan to contribute to international peace and progress

Explanation and Importance of the Resolution

  • Declares God as the ultimate sovereign
  • Challenges the Western notion of popular sovereignty; emphasizes a divinely ordained mandate
  • The exercise of power is a sacred trust, requiring adherence to divinely prescribed limits
  • Representatives manage affairs upholding democratic principles and Islamic framework
  • Commits to respecting minorities, guaranteeing their rights
  • Promises autonomy and territorial integrity for federating units

Objections by Non-Muslims

  • Religious and political mixing perceived as contradicting democracy
  • Concerns about the sovereignty of God and minority rights creating inequality
  • Questioned adequacy of Shariah for modern times
  • Fears that the resolution might encourage the establishment of a theocratic state

Importance of the Objectives Resolution

  • Fundamental document in Pakistan's constitutional history
  • Provides a framework for a better life for Pakistanis
  • Embraces central role of Islam while adhering to democratic values
  • Shows moderation, not theocracy, as a key goal

Constitutional Issues (1947-56)

  • Federalism: Debate on power division between a strong central government and autonomous provinces.
  • Representation: East and West Pakistan's differing populations and sizes, as well as intra-West Pakistan diversity, created representation disputes.
  • Separate/Joint Electorate: Muslims initially favored separate electorates, but minorities (particularly in East Pakistan) strongly advocated for joint electorates.
  • National Language: Urdu favored nationally, but East Pakistan preferred Bengali as an official language leading to the Language Movement of 1952
  • Parliamentary/Presidential System: Consensus for parliamentary system, but presidential gained support post-1958 military takeover.
  • Islamic/Secular State: Broad agreement on Islam's relevance, but the precise nature of its relationship to the state was debated, with some favoring a theocratic system.

Constitution Making Stages (1947-56)

  • Objectives Resolution: laid out basic values for the constitution
  • Basic Principles Committee (BPC): established sub-committees for federal/provincial powers, franchise, judiciary, and fundamental rights; consulted Islamic scholars
  • BPC Reports (1950, 1952): Proposed two houses of Parliament (one based on population, the other on equal representation for provinces), and emphasized Islamic law. Both met opposition and were withdrawn/revised.
  • Muhammad Ali Bogra Formula (1953): Proposed equal representation for each wing in the upper house, with population representation in the lower house, addressed the language issue and enjoyed a greater approval.
  • One Unit Scheme (1955): Unified some West Pakistan provinces to establish a parity with East Pakistan.
  • Constituent Assembly Dissolution & Reconstitution: Governor General dissolved the first Constituent Assembly, a Sindh court challenged this action and the Federal Court validated the actions with a call for new elections.

1956 Constitution

  • Replaced the Interim Constitution
  • 234 Articles, 6 Schedules
  • Declared the country the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
  • Features: Parliamentary system, executive authority vested in the president, presidential powers limited, National Assembly was the sole legislative body, independent judiciary, fundamental rights, directive principles incorporating Islamic principles.

1962 Constitution

  • Background: Political instability due to the Parliamentary system, leading to a military takeover and a desire for stability.
  • Constitution Making: Basic Democracies elected to act as an electoral college for the president and National Assembly.
  • Features: Strong executive branch with a powerful president elected via indirect elections, National Assembly with one house equal representation for two provinces.

1973 Constitution

  • Background: Military rule's end and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's assuming power led to a constitutional drafting process.
  • Constitution Making: A constitutional committee drafted the constitution unanimously.
  • Features: Parliamentary system with a weak president, two houses—the Senate (equal representation for provinces) and the National Assembly (based on population); joint electorates; Urdu as national language along with potential provincial language use.

Political History (1947-2003)

  • 1947-58: Initial governance challenges, constitution-making issues, political instability.
  • 1958-69: Martial law under Ayub Khan, administrative reforms, restrictions on political activity, economic planning, Presidential System, instability prior to resignation.
  • 1969-71: Martial law, increased unrest, general elections, war & East Pakistan's separation from Pakistan.
  • 1972-77: Bhutto's rule, nationalization of industries, labour and health policies, administrative reforms, unrest leading to 1977 elections.
  • 1977-85: Martial law under Zia-ul-Haq, Islamisation policies, military rule, promised elections and return to democracy.
  • 1985-99: Restoration of civilian rule, weak government coalitions, political disputes, and repeated government changes.
  • 1999-2002: Musharraf’s military rule, constitution suspended, efforts to restore democracy, emphasis on national unity, foreign investment, accountability.
  • 2002 onwards: Continued efforts to build a stable democratic system.

Natural Resources, Agriculture

  • Natural Resources: Mineral resources (iron ore, chromite, gypsum, sulfur, coal, oil, gas, uranium), rivers, canals, forests, animals, and fisheries.
  • Agriculture: Pakistan's agrarian economy, significance of agriculture to GDP and employment, major crops (wheat, rice, cotton, sugar cane), land reforms, problems (outdated cultivation, water issues, crop diseases).

Industrial Development

  • Importance: Key to economic development, modernization, trade, and national strength.
  • Historical Overview: Inherited small industrial structure from British rule, initial focus on consumer goods and domestic raw materials, promoting private sector, Industrial Development Board and Corporations, Nationalization in the 1970s—initially successful but later led to issues.
  • Major industries: Textiles, sugar, cement, vegetable ghee, iron & steel, paper, machinery, defence industry, and cottage industries.
  • Future directions: Private initiative encouraged; need for political/economic stability, infrastructure development.

Education in Pakistan

  • Importance: Critical for personal, societal, and national development.
  • Educational Issues: Resource allocation challenges, low literacy rates (especially women and rural areas), enrolment/retention issues, teacher shortages, examination system, politicization.
  • Kinds of Education: Primary, middle, secondary, higher secondary, degree, postgraduate, professional, adult, distance education.
  • Modern Technology and Education Importance of IT and computer education.

Foreign Policy of Pakistan

  • Features: Protection of independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity; security concerns; relations with all states; bilateral and multilateral relations; membership in international organizations.
  • Relations with major powers (such as US, China, and Russia), and economic issues (trade, investment and bilateral, multilateral arrangements).
  • Relations with Muslim states, and developing countries, emphasis on UN cooperation.

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