Object-Oriented vs Procedure-Oriented Programming

Procedure- Oriented Programming

• Focuses on a program's organization into functions or procedures.
• Each function carries out a specific task.

Console Programming

• Uses text-only interfaces within the Java programming method.

Swing Programming

• Enables developers to design graphical user interfaces.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Utilizes objects as the core building blocks of software development.
• Objects represent entities with attributes (data) and behavior (methods).

Key Differences between OOP and Procedure-Oriented Programming

Organization

• Procedural: Data and functions are separate. Functions operate on global or passed data.
• OOP: Data (attributes) and functions (Methods) are encapsulated within objects.

Reusability

• Procedural: Functions can be reused, but managing related data requires manual effort.
• OOP: Objects are reusable and extensible, allowing creation of new classes based on existing ones (inheritance).

Maintainability

• Procedural: Managing and understanding the flow of data and functions can become complex as the program grows.
• OOP: Encapsulation and modularity improve maintainability by localizing changes to a class.

Key Concepts of OOP

• Encapsulation: Bundling attributes and methods within a single unit.
• Inheritance: A class inheriting properties and behaviors from another class.
• Polymorphism: Different objects responding to the same method call in unique ways.
• Abstraction: Hiding complex implementation details and showcasing only necessary features of an object.
• Modularity: Allows coding and understanding specific parts of a system without understanding the entire system.
• Reusability: Provides flexibility to use programs repeatedly.

Constructor

• A special method initializing object attributes upon object creation.

Classes

• Blueprints or templates for creating objects.
• Define the structure (attributes) and behavior (methods) of objects.
• Objects of the same class share the same structure and behavior.

Super Class vs. Sub Class

• Super Class: The base class, ancestor class, or parent class.
• Sub Class: The derived class, descendant class, or child class.

Non-Static Class vs. Static Class

• Non-Static Class: Requires instantiation.
• Static Class: Does not require instantiation.

Objects

• Instances of a class with attributes and behaviors.
• Can have unique values for their attributes, even if created from the same class.

Attributes

• Variables representing object state or characteristics within a class.
• Store data manipulable by methods.

State

• The current values of an object's attributes at a particular time.
• Can change as the object interacts with methods or other objects.

Methods

• Actions done by an object.
• Functions defined within a class specifying object behavior.
• Manipulate data within objects.

Abstract Method

• An empty method.

Interfaces

• Collections of methods indicating that a class has specific behavior beyond what it inherits from its superclasses.
• Define a common set of methods implementable by various classes according their needs.

Types of Methods

• Instance Method: Operates on an instance of the class (an object).
• Static Method: Belongs to the class, not any object instance. Doesn't modify object attributes and can be called on the class itself.

Packages

• Group related classes and interfaces in a structured manner.
• Enable groups of classes to be available only if needed.
• Eliminate potential conflicts among class names in different groups.

Notable Facts about Packages

• Java class libraries are contained in the package java.
• By default, Java classes only have access to classes within java.lang.
• To use classes from other packages, use an import statement.