Object-Oriented Software Development Quiz

<p>To reduce the coupling between software components</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object-oriented design and design patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improving the internal structure of existing software without changing its external behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a standard structure for building modules and components</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of a referenced object at run-time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Principle of Substitutability (Liskov Substitution Principle)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Run-time and memory impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Declaration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An object of class T can always be substituted by an object of class T’ where T’ is derived from T</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less effort for implementation, testing, and maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited suitability for realtime systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Final methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An instance of an abstract data type with structural and functional properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve as templates for creating objects and promote encapsulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexible adaptation to new contexts without violating the DRY principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large number of objects created at runtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liskov Substitution Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Values versus types</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lookup of appropriate methods along the type hierarchy, serving as a kind of polymorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alan Kay</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encapsulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alan Kay</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On the Criteria to be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules by D. L. Parnas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ivan Sutherland</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C++</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chapter 5: Testing focuses on the principles and techniques of testing software components and systems to ensure their functionality and reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classes in object-oriented software development serve as blueprints or templates for creating objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simula 67 introduced the concepts of encapsulation and modularization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic binding enables the lookup of appropriate methods along the type hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main advantage of enhanced reliability in software development is the reduction of potential system failures and errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The philosophical issue discussed in the text is the tension between values and types, emphasizing abstractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the context of object-oriented software development, an object is an instance of a class that encapsulates data and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic binding in Java allows all instance methods to be dynamically bound, meaning that the appropriate method to be executed is determined at runtime based on the actual type of the object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Principle of Substitutability, also known as the Liskov Substitution Principle, states that an object of class T can always be substituted by an object of class T’ where T’ is derived from T without affecting the correctness of the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The static type in Java is defined by the declaration of a variable or parameter, while the dynamic type is defined by the type of the referenced object at runtime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The exception to dynamic binding in Java is that final methods are not dynamically bound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factorization in a software system refers to defining a particular fact or component only once, following the DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle to avoid redundancy and improve maintainability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main advantage of enhanced reliability in software development is the reduction in effort required for implementation, testing, and maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The disadvantage of run-time support for releasing memory is the potential impact on run-time performance and memory usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritance allows for the creation of new classes that reuse, extend, and modify the behavior of existing classes, promoting code reusability and extensibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The limitations of integrating systems without garbage collection include increased memory management complexity and limited suitability for real-time systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Liskov Substitution Principle states that an object of class T can always be substituted by an object of class T’ where T’ is derived from T, without altering the correctness of the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Garbage collection in object-oriented software development is a challenge due to the large number of objects created at runtime, leading to potential memory leaks and inefficiencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classes in object-oriented software development serve as templates for creating objects and promote encapsulation by defining common properties of their instances and capturing commonalities and differences between classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The philosophical issue discussed in the text involves the debate between Plato and Kant, with Plato emphasizing abstractions and Kant prioritizing categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The essential principles covered in the book include objects, inheritance, dynamic binding, and classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritance allows for flexible adaptation to new contexts without violating the DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) principle, by promoting code reusability and minimizing redundancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit types reduce complexity and enforce reasoning by providing clear classifications and specifications for objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three categories of complexity in software development are essential complexity (imposed by requirements), accidental complexity (introduced by mistake), and avoidable incidental complexity. An example of essential complexity could be the need for a secure authentication system in a banking application. Accidental complexity may arise from a coding error that causes unexpected behavior. Avoidable incidental complexity might occur from using a complex architecture when a simpler one would suffice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive mechanisms for mastering complexity in software development include chunking, hierarchies, schemata, modularity, inheritance, layering, abstractions, and patterns in object-oriented design. For example, modularity can be applied by organizing code into separate, self-contained modules, allowing for easier maintenance and reusability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Challenges related to the sustainability and evolution of IT systems include longer-than-expected lifespans, high costs and risks of rebuilding from scratch, and the need to adapt to paradigm shifts and evolving software stacks. A real-world example could be the challenge of maintaining and updating legacy enterprise systems that were initially designed for a different technological era.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simula 67 had a major impact on programming languages by introducing concepts such as encapsulation and modularization. For example, encapsulation allows the bundling of data with the methods that operate on that data, providing a way to control access to the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alan Kay coined the term 'object-orientation' and led innovations at Xerox Parc. Some key contributions include the development of Smalltalk, a pioneering object-oriented programming language, and the introduction of graphical user interfaces with a vision for the Dynabook.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smalltalk introduced object-oriented concepts, a new programming language paradigm, and graphical user interfaces. For example, C++ and Java were influenced by Smalltalk, incorporating key object-oriented principles and features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ACM Turing Awards recognize individuals who have made significant contributions to computer science, including those in the field of object-oriented software development. Recipients such as Ivan Sutherland, Ole-Johan Dahl, Kristen Nygaard, and Alan Kay were recognized for their influential work in advancing object-oriented software development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Onsite</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>retake</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>encapsulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>polymorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>runtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2023</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>declaration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dynamically</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yourself</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>declaration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dynamically</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smalltalk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>James Gosling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>software development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>object-oriented software development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>master-instance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>modularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Start with I, first letter of each internal word is capitalized (camel case)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Principles and techniques of restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All instance methods to be dynamically bound</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Managing references to objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures that objects of a superclass can be replaced by objects of a subclass without affecting the program's correctness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An instance of a class with its own state and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enabling reuse of design and implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reference semantics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immutable state</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immutability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boilerplate generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototypes and delegation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A subclass if T-objects cannot be replaced by T’-objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtyping involves interface inheritance and adheres to the principle of substitutability, while subclassing involves implementation inheritance and defines a 'has-a relationship'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides readability, reliability, and efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At compile time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All instance methods are dynamically bound</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the type of a method parameter is narrowed in an overriding method</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtypes must fulfill the Liskov Substitution Principle and provide at least the interface of their base type</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Widening the type of a method parameter in an overriding method</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narrowing the return type of an overriding method</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conflicts between methods like setSize, getX, and getY in different subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using keywords like 'final'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resolving naming conflicts when inheriting from the same class</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Default methods in interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sealed interfaces and classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using subtyping, minimizing implementation inheritance, and considering covariance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Reference Equality: When two references point to the same object. Example: ObjectReference1 = ObjectReference2</li> <li>Identifier Equality: When two objects have the same identifier or key. Example: Teacher id: 255 lastName: 'Mathison' subject: 'Theory of Everything' = Teacher id: 255 lastName: 'Mathison' subject: 'Theory of Nothing'</li> <li>Structural Equality: When the actual values of the properties of objects are compared. Example: Address street: 'Main Avenue 42' zipCode: '8001' city: 'Napoli'</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classes: Nouns, first letter of each word is capitalized (camel case). Example: ShadowedBox Interfaces: Start with I, first letter of each internal word is capitalized (camel case). Example: IMouseListener Methods: First letter lowercase, first letter of each internal word is capitalized (camel case). Example: setCoordinate Constants: All uppercase, words are separated by 'underscore' (screaming snake case). Example: MAX_ITEMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object types are compared based on reference equality, while value types are compared based on structural equality. Object types are mutable, while value types are usually immutable. Object types have identity, while value types do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Java Records are immutable data containers with automatically generated methods such as equals(), hashCode(), and toString(). They provide a concise syntax for declaring classes whose main purpose is to store data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) allows modularization of concerns such as logging, security, and transaction management that cut across multiple types and objects. It enables separation of cross-cutting concerns from the main application logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtypes and subclasses enable hierarchical classification of types. Subclasses inherit properties and behaviors from their superclasses, while subtypes must fulfill the Liskov Substitution Principle and provide at least the interface of their base type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encapsulation and modularization help in managing complexity by hiding the internal state of objects and providing well-defined interfaces for interaction. They promote reusability, maintainability, and flexibility in software design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Java Records are immutable containers of fields introduced in Java 16, with the compiler generating necessary boilerplate code. They are significant in providing a concise and efficient way to create immutable classes with minimal code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sharing of value objects is not always obvious, and immutability must be provided to ensure thread-safeness. It is important to address these challenges to maintain the integrity and consistency of shared value objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traditional immutable Java classes require manual implementation of immutability with no mutators and all fields being final and private. On the other hand, Java Records provide a more concise approach with the compiler generating necessary boilerplate code, resulting in less verbose code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decision between object or value semantics for a class in Java depends on the nature of the domain and the desired behavior. Immutable objects are crucial as they have no side effects, promoting consistency and predictability in the code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototypes and delegation in JavaScript provide an alternative to classes and inheritance, allowing flexible object creation and behavior delegation. This is exemplified through constructor definitions for students and teachers, showcasing the dynamic nature of JavaScript's approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Static type checking occurs at compile time, ensuring type correctness and early error detection, while dynamic type checking occurs at runtime, providing flexibility but potentially leading to runtime errors. These implications affect the reliability and robustness of the software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Principle of Substitutability emphasizes the importance of ensuring that objects of derived classes can be substituted for objects of base classes without affecting the program's correctness. It influences class design by promoting compatibility and consistency within inheritance hierarchies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariance refers to the ability to use a more specific type when overriding a method. In Java, covariance can be achieved in the return type of an overriding method since Java 5. It allows for more specific types to be returned, which can be beneficial for code clarity and flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text mentions specialization, combination, and restriction as types of inheritance. Examples of specialization include 'Teacher Student,' while combination could be exemplified by 'GraphicalObject Box Construction.' Restriction inheritance can be illustrated with specific scenarios in the context of the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text discusses conflicts between methods such as setSize, getX, and getY in different subtypes as potential pitfalls related to subtyping. These conflicts can arise due to differences in implementation or behavior across subtypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virtual inheritance in C++ is used to resolve naming conflicts that arise when inheriting from the same class. It ensures that only a single copy of a base class is inherited, preventing issues related to duplicate base class members and ambiguous access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixin classes are used to add additional behavior without defining state. Java 8 provides default methods in interfaces to achieve a similar functionality, allowing interfaces to have method implementations without requiring the implementing classes to provide an implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritance can violate encapsulation by allowing subclasses to directly access or modify superclass fields and methods. Careful consideration is needed when granting access to subclasses to ensure that encapsulation is not compromised and that the subclass behavior aligns with the intended design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Java, methods and classes can be restricted from being overridden or subclassed using the 'final' keyword. When a method or class is declared as 'final,' it cannot be overridden or subclassed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sealed interfaces and classes in Java 15 allow for more fine-grained control over inheritance by defining permitted subtypes and becoming part of the client contract. This provides a mechanism to restrict the extensibility of certain types and enforce a specific set of subtypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key takeaways include using subtyping, minimizing implementation inheritance, and considering covariance when designing subtypes. These principles emphasize the importance of thoughtful design and consideration of type relationships in object-oriented software development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Static type checking provides readability, reliability, and efficiency, while dynamic type checking offers flexibility. An example of static type checking is the type inference in programming languages like Swift, TypeScript, Groovy, and Java, while an example of dynamic type checking is the dynamic typing that allows for dynamic binding outside of the type hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtype is a subclass if T-objects cannot be replaced by T’-objects. Subtypes must fulfill the Liskov Substitution Principle and provide at least the interface of their base type. An example of this is the principle of substitutability being applicable to method parameters in overriding methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtyping involves interface inheritance and adheres to the principle of substitutability, while subclassing involves implementation inheritance and defines a 'has-a relationship'. An example of subtyping is the covariance that applies when the type of a method parameter is narrowed in an overriding method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type errors are usually detected at compile time with static type checking, and at runtime by type casting. An example of this is static type checking ensuring that a message is understood by an object and enabling dynamic binding based on the dynamic type of the receiver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariance applies when the type of a method parameter is narrowed in an overriding method. An example of this is the principle of substitutability being applicable to method parameters in overriding methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic typing allows for dynamic binding outside of the type hierarchy. An example of this is dynamic binding enabling the lookup of appropriate methods along the type hierarchy, serving as a kind of 'late binding'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototypes and delegation serve as an alternative to classes in JavaScript. An example of this is prototypes and delegation allowing objects to delegate tasks to other objects, providing a flexible and dynamic approach to object-oriented programming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three types of equality discussed in the text are reference equality, identifier equality, and structural equality. An example for reference equality is comparing two object references, an example for identifier equality is comparing two objects based on their unique identifiers, and an example for structural equality is comparing two objects based on their internal structure and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Java naming conventions for classes involve capitalizing the first letter of each word (camel case), for example, ShadowedBox. Interfaces start with 'I' and follow camel case, for example, IMouseListener. Methods start with a lowercase letter and follow camel case, for example, setCoordinate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object types have reference equality and are compared based on their memory addresses, while value types have structural equality and are compared based on their internal structure and values. An example of an object type is a Teacher object, and an example of a value type is an Address object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspect-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that aims to increase modularity by allowing the separation of cross-cutting concerns. It provides a way to modularize certain aspects of a program that cut across multiple modules. Its significance in object-oriented software development lies in its ability to improve code organization and maintainability by isolating cross-cutting concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generic classes allow the creation of classes that can operate on a variety of data types. They provide flexibility and reusability in code. A practical example of a generic class is a 'List' class that can hold elements of various types, such as List or List.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refactoring is the process of restructuring existing computer code without changing its external behavior. It is significant in object-oriented software development as it helps improve code readability, maintainability, and extensibility. An example of a refactoring technique is 'Extract Method,' which involves extracting a sequence of statements into a new method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspect-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that aims to increase modularity by allowing the separation of cross-cutting concerns. It provides a way to modularize certain aspects of a program that cut across multiple modules. Its significance in object-oriented software development lies in its ability to improve code organization and maintainability by isolating cross-cutting concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object semantics in Java refer to classes that have identity and mutable state, while value semantics refer to classes with no identity and immutable state. An example of a class with object semantics is 'Date', and an example of a class with value semantics is 'Integer'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Java Records are immutable containers of fields, and the compiler generates necessary boilerplate code for them. They are significant in achieving immutability because they enforce final and private fields, preventing changes after initialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decision between object and value semantics depends on whether identity and mutable state are required for the class. Immutable objects are important because they have no side effects, making programs easier to reason about and less error-prone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sharing value objects can lead to unexpected behavior, and immutability must be provided to ensure thread-safeness. This involves making all fields final and private in immutable classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A traditional immutable Java class requires manual implementation of immutability through final and private fields, while a Java Record automates the generation of necessary boilerplate code for immutability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic type checking allows for flexibility in changing an object's type at runtime, while static type checking detects type errors at compile time. Languages like JavaScript and Groovy utilize dynamic type checking, providing more flexibility compared to static type checking languages like Java.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototypes and delegation in JavaScript serve as alternatives to traditional classes and inheritance. Constructor definitions for students and teachers can exemplify the usage of prototypes and delegation in JavaScript.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariance in Java refers to the ability to use a more specific type when overriding a method in a subclass, allowing for a narrower return type. Contravariance refers to widening the type of a method parameter in an overriding method, which is not allowed in Java.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple inheritance can lead to complex language syntax and class hierarchies, often causing naming conflicts. An example of a naming conflict could be the presence of identically named methods or attributes from different parent classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixin classes are used to add additional behavior without defining state. Unlike classes with state, mixin classes do not have their own state and are intended to be used for adding functionality to other classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritance can violate encapsulation by allowing subclasses to directly access or modify the parent class's internal state. For example, granting subclasses direct access to private fields or methods may lead to unintended changes in the parent class's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sealed interfaces and classes in Java 15 allow for more fine-grained control over inheritance by defining permitted subtypes and becoming part of the client contract. They restrict the extension of a class or the implementation of an interface to a specific set of subtypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virtual inheritance in C++ is used to resolve naming conflicts when inheriting from the same class. It helps in creating a single instance of a base class within the inheritance hierarchy to avoid ambiguity and prevent duplicated subobjects. However, it can lead to complex language syntax and potential runtime errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtyping pitfalls in Java can occur when conflicts arise between methods with the same name but different implementations in different subtypes. For example, conflicts may arise between methods like setSize, getX, and getY in different subtypes, leading to potential ambiguity and unexpected behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The types of inheritance mentioned in the text are specialization, combination, and restriction. Examples include 'Teacher Student' for specialization, and 'GraphicalObject Box Construction' for combination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considering covariance when designing subtypes in Java is significant as it allows for more flexible and specific return types, aligning with the Principle of Substitutability. It ensures that a subtype can be substituted for its supertype without affecting the correctness of the program, contributing to the robustness and maintainability of the codebase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A subtype is a subclass if T-objects can be replaced by T’-objects, and must fulfill the Liskov Substitution Principle by providing at least the interface of their base type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariance applies when the type of a method parameter is narrowed in an overriding method, for example, when a method in a subclass accepts a narrower type than the method in the superclass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Static type checking provides readability, reliability, and efficiency, while dynamic type checking offers flexibility. Static type checking ensures that a message is understood by an object and enables dynamic binding based on the dynamic type of the receiver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The principle of substitutability applies to method parameters in overriding methods and ensures that objects of subclass types can be passed as parameters to methods expecting objects of superclass types, contributing to the flexibility and extensibility of object-oriented software development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic typing allows for dynamic binding outside of the type hierarchy, offering flexibility but potentially leading to runtime errors. Dynamic binding enables the lookup of appropriate methods along the type hierarchy, enhancing flexibility and extensibility but requiring careful management to avoid unintended behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototypes and delegation in JavaScript provide a flexible and dynamic approach to object creation and behavior delegation, offering an alternative to traditional class-based inheritance and promoting prototype-based programming, which can enhance the flexibility and extensibility of object-oriented software development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type inference enables static type checking and enhances readability by automatically deducing types based on context, reducing the need for explicit type annotations and improving the conciseness and clarity of code in programming languages like Swift, TypeScript, Groovy, and Java.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To restrict the extension of interfaces and classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constraints on software development imposed by organizational structure and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased adaptability to unforeseen changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory leaks and inefficient memory management</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To minimize coupling and replace state implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Late binding of methods at runtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Objects of a superclass shall be replaceable with objects of its subclasses without affecting the functionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inefficiency and verbose code</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides fine-grained control over inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introduction of the concept of object-oriented programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To contain exactly one abstract method and specify the type of a lambda expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private methods are allowed in an interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may be annotated with @FunctionalInterface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Library 2.0's interface X contains an additional abstract method</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To declare behavior and specify types</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains exactly one abstract method</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To indicate that the interface contains exactly one abstract method</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports factorization and sharing common code</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A functional interface contains exactly one abstract method, while a regular interface can contain multiple abstract methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve as a tagging or marker interface, such as java.lang.Cloneable and java.io.Serializable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are an alternative to marker interfaces and offer compile time support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lightweight multiple inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Designed for subtyping and factorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abstract classes can contain 0-n abstract methods and instance/class variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More versatile and can be inherited from multiple interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interfaces with default methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Add only non-abstract methods (or default methods)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce cognitive load and minimize coupling between classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By controlling visibility and access to class members</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interfaces can contain default methods since Java 8.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contains exactly one abstract method and 0-n default methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates that the interface contains exactly one abstract method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To specify the type of a lambda expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enables flexibility in implementation by classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private methods are allowed in interfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To indicate that the interface contains exactly one abstract method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specifies the behavior for scaling graphics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supports factorization within interfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitates polymorphism and flexibility in implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More verbose and inefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shields clients from new implementations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Default methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open for extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fixed set of sealed classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abstract coupling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Favor time and money at the expense of adaptability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control over new implementations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cornerstone of solid software design</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More verbose and inefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Java interfaces can be inherited from multiple interfaces, while abstract classes are designed for subtyping and factorization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marker interfaces offer compile time support, while marker annotations are an alternative without compile time support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lightweight multiple inheritance and behavior composition with naming conflict resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Add only non-abstract methods (or default methods) to avoid breaking clients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce cognitive load and minimize coupling between classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clients and derived classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having an abstract class implement an interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable abstractions and unstable concrete implementations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtyping and factorization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More versatile and can be inherited from multiple interfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introduction of encapsulation and modularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can implement multiple interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensures that subtypes fulfill the interface of their base type</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allowing only a specific set of subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enabling flexible adaptation to new contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introduction of the concept of a master-instance relationship for graphical objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Late method binding during runtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing a compact way to define complex data types</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supporting factorization in interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interfaces are more versatile than abstract classes and can be inherited from multiple interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marker interfaces provide compile time support, while marker annotations do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allow for behavior composition and naming conflict resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0-n abstract methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce cognitive load and minimize coupling between classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access rights such as public vs. protected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid breaking clients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding additional behavior without breaking existing implementations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Designed for subtyping and factorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lightweight multiple inheritance and behavior composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent new implementations and shield clients from dealing with new implementations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object semantics allow for mutable objects, while value semantics focus on immutability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototypes and delegation facilitate code reusability, impacting maintainability in object-oriented software development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To minimize coupling and prevent derived classes from changing the state implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes excessive garbage collection pauses and hampers application responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balancing memory cleanup with application responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances code encapsulation and improves security</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overview of common design patterns and their applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object semantics allow for mutable objects, while value semantics focus on immutability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevents new implementations from being added, thus shielding clients from changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Popularizing the concept of graphical user interface (GUI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion of data types in object-oriented programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concise syntax for defining classes with data-centric methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariant return types</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conflicts arising due to different method signatures in subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevents new implementations from being added, thus shielding clients from changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating the scaling of objects in an object-oriented system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariant return types</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariant return types</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marker interfaces provide compile time support, while marker annotations do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allow for behavior composition and naming conflict resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interfaces allow for inheritance from multiple interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interfaces with default methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce cognitive load and minimize coupling between classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Help discriminate between clients and derived classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Add only non-abstract methods (or default methods)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Information hiding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To have an abstract class implement an interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitate the implementation of concrete classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interfaces can contain abstract methods and default methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Library 2.0 interface X contains an additional abstract method y.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To specify that the interface contains exactly one abstract method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It specifies the type of a lambda expression and contains exactly one abstract method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion of a type F to type T using a lambda expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To define a type with a specific behavior for scaling graphics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To implement the behavior specified in the IScalable interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports factorization and provides a way to share common code among interface methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To support polymorphism and decouple implementation from the interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interfaces promote flexibility, code reusability, and decoupling of implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A class can have state, while an interface cannot have state except constants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It specifies that the interface contains exactly one abstract method and 0-n default methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To specify the type of a lambda expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports factorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To implement the IScalable interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enforce a common type specification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Library 2.0 interface contains an additional abstract method 'y'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports factorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exactly one abstract method and 0-n default methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>java.lang.Cloneable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allow for behavior composition and naming conflict resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Designed for subtyping and factorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce cognitive load and minimize coupling between classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More versatile and can be inherited from multiple interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Add only non-abstract methods (or default methods)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discriminate between clients and derived classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Objects in a program should be replaceable with instances of their subtypes without altering the correctness of the program</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limit the number of subclasses that can extend them</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimized coupling, allowing state implementation to be replaced</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not allow new implementations, shielding clients from new implementations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To open up for extension, allowing for unlimited new implementations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Default methods are crucial for evolutionary design</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shield clients from new implementations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows unlimited new implementations, promoting flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abstract coupling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balancing time and money</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Default methods in interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers