Object-Oriented Programming Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following represents an object's behavior?

  • Attributes
  • Operations (correct)
  • Links
  • Relationships

    • What is the primary purpose of a class in object-oriented programming?

  • To execute operations on multiple objects simultaneously.
  • To store data for a single entity.
  • To define a template for creating objects. (correct)
  • To establish links between different objects.

    • Which of the following characteristics distinguishes a class from an object?

  • Class names tend to be long and plural, while object names are short and singular.
  • Class names are underlined, while object names are not.
  • Class names start with a lowercase letter, whereas object names start with an uppercase letter.
  • Class names are not underlined, while object names are. (correct)

    • What is the term for the actual connections between objects?

    <p>Links (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which object-oriented concept describes how objects organize and connect with other objects?

    <p>Relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of object-oriented programming, what does the term 'attribute' refer to?

    <p>A characteristic or piece of data associated with an object. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following demonstrates how a 'Customer' object might be linked to an 'Address' Object?

    <p>The 'Customer' object has an attribute, called address, that links it to an 'Address' object. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of underlining an object's name in a diagram?

    <p>It visually distinguishes an object from a class. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of a relationship between objects?

    <p>Objects connect with each other directly or indirectly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed based on various relationships and interactions among several objects?

    <p>A system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an association?

    <p>A weak connection where objects are part of a group but not completely dependent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of object relationships, what do aggregation and composition both denote?

    <p>An 'is-part-of' relationship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the BEST example of aggregation?

    <p>A car consisting of an engine, body, and upholstery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes aggregation from composition concerning object sharing?

    <p>Aggregation allows the part to be shared, while composition indicates stronger ownership. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key implication of the phrase 'has a' in the context of composition?

    <p>It implies a relationship where one object owns or uses another object. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following real world examples is an example of association?

    <p>A team of football players. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic that differentiates a tree from a general graph?

    <p>Each node in a tree has exactly one parent node. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of class hierarchies, which term describes the relationship where a 'Train' class acquires characteristics from a 'LandVehicle' class, while also possessing its unique features?

    <p>Inheritance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the concepts of generalization and specialization, how is a 'Land Vehicle' related to a 'Train'?

    <p>A Land Vehicle is more generalized than a Train. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are potential issues introduced by multiple inheritance?

    <p>Name clashes and repeated inheritance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept defines the minimum and maximum number of instances of one object/class related to a single instance of another?

    <p>Multiplicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)?

    <p>To model software application functionality using object-oriented techniques. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following term describes the scenario where a class inherits from multiple parent classes?

    <p>Multiple Inheritance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT directly associated with the concept of inheritance?

    <p>Polymorphism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of generalization/specialization in object-oriented design?

    <p>To extract common attributes and behaviors into a superclass for inheritance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept facilitates code reuse by allowing a class to inherit properties from another class?

    <p>Inheritance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage relating to tight coupling of using inheritance in object-oriented programming?

    <p>Difficulties in modifying the base class without affecting subclasses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of polymorphism in object-oriented programming?

    <p>The ability of different objects to respond to the same method call in their own way. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does encapsulation primarily achieve in object-oriented design?

    <p>Hiding an object's attributes and controlling access through its operations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an object hierarchy, what does a graph typically represent?

    <p>An arbitrary set of connections between objects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following programming language features facilitate implementing generalisation in UML?

    <p>Inheritance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of inheritance, what is the supertype entity?

    <p>The entity whose attributes/methods are inherited. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When identifying candidate classes, which of the following should typically be excluded?

    <p>Nouns representing actors (A), Nouns representing system boundaries or interfaces (C), Irrelevant nouns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of relationship indicates that an object cannot be shared and dies with its composer?

    <p>Composition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does $*$ indicate when defining multiplicity in relationships?

    <p>Zero to infinity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following relationships should typically have the highest frequency of use during object-oriented analysis?

    <p>Association (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship represents the statement: A subclass has every attribute/behavior of its superclass?

    <p>Inheritance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which UML behavior diagram primarily focuses on depicting the interaction between external agents and the system?

    <p>Use case diagram (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagram is most suitable for illustrating chronologically ordered message exchanges between objects?

    <p>Sequence diagram (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of OOAD are use case diagrams primarily utilized?

    <p>Requirements gathering phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD), what is the primary focus of business modeling during the requirements gathering phase?

    <p>Understanding the operational context of the software. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question is most relevant during the System Analysis Phase of OOAD?

    <p>What entities are we dealing with? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate next step after identifying candidate classes relevant to the system during the analysis phase?

    <p>Documenting the classes in a class diagram (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the analysis phase, what is the purpose of identifying relationships and multiplicity among classes?

    <p>To understand how classes interact and relate to each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ensured about the classes identified during OOA&D in relation to use cases?

    <p>The classes identified must align with the use cases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Object Representation

    An object includes a name, attributes, and operations that describe its data and behavior.

    Class

    A blueprint for creating objects, defining shared attributes and operations for instances.

    Attributes

    Data that defines the characteristics of an object, such as name or address.

    Operations

    Methods or functions that define the behavior of an object, such as changeName or computeAge.

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    Encapsulation

    The bundling of data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit or class.

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    Inheritance

    A mechanism where one class derives properties and behaviors from another class.

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    Polymorphism

    The ability of different object types to be treated as instances of the same class through a shared interface.

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    Links between Objects

    Connections among objects that can also serve as attributes, indicating relationships.

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    Generalization/Specialization

    The process of extracting common attributes from object classes into a superclass.

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    Relationship

    Connection or association between objects, directly or indirectly.

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    System

    A structure formed from various relationships and interactions among objects.

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    Advantages of Inheritance

    Benefits include enhanced reusability and easier real-world representation.

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    Disadvantages of Inheritance

    Tight coupling between subclasses and base classes can lead to problems.

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    Association

    A weak or loose connection where objects may relate but are not dependent.

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    Aggregation

    An 'is-part-of' relationship that implies strong dependency among objects.

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    Composition

    A relationship where objects are strongly owned by the whole.

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    Object Hierarchy

    Grouping objects by their relationships and associations into a hierarchy.

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    Part-whole hierarchy

    A structured relationship indicating parts that form a larger system.

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    Types Hierarchy

    An arrangement where different types of objects form a structure like graphs.

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    Weak dependency

    A situation where objects are related but do not rely on each other completely.

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    Strong dependency

    A situation where one object cannot exist without another.

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    Use Case Diagram

    A diagram that depicts interactions between users and the system, showing actors, use cases, and relationships.

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    Activity Diagram

    A behavioral diagram illustrating the flow of activities, including object states and transitions.

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    Collaboration Diagram

    A diagram that shows objects and their relationships through spatially structured message exchanges.

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    Sequence Diagram

    A diagram that represents the order of message exchanges between objects over time.

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    Class Diagram

    A diagram that represents classes in a system, their attributes, operations, and relationships.

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    Functional Specifications

    Details that describe the functions and capabilities of a software system.

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    Non-functional Specifications

    Requirements that specify criteria the system must meet, such as performance and usability.

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    Multiplicity in Class Diagrams

    Indicates how many instances of a class can relate to instances of another class (e.g., one-to-many).

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    Tree

    A type of graph where each node has one parent and multiple children.

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    Multiple Inheritance

    A class deriving characteristics from more than one parent class, leading to complexity.

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    Name Clashes

    Conflicts that arise when different inherited classes have elements with the same name.

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    Multiplicity

    Indicates the minimum and maximum occurrences of one class related to another.

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    Superclass

    A class that provides properties and methods for its subclasses.

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    Subclass

    A class that inherits from a superclass and can define additional characteristics.

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    Object-Oriented Analysis

    Process of modeling the functionality of applications using object-oriented techniques.

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    Candidate Classes

    Classes identified from business and system requirements, often indicated by nouns in use cases.

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    Multiplicity in Relationships

    Indicates the number of objects that can participate in a relationship, except for inheritance.

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    Study Notes

    Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with UML

    • Object orientation employs real-world concepts in software development.
    • Objects are easier for people to understand.
    • A better communication medium exists among specialists.
    • Data and processes are not separated.
    • Code reusability is enhanced.
    • Object orientation is a mature and well-proven approach.
    • Most modern programming languages are object-oriented.

    Objectives

    • Understand the concept of object orientation in software design.
    • Explain how software design can be represented as interacting objects managing their own state and operations.
    • Describe the activities involved in the object-oriented design process.
    • Understand the function of various UML diagrams.

    What is an Object? (Part 1 of 2)

    • An object is a noun (anything with identity, animate or inanimate).
    • Objects have attributes (e.g., student matriculation number, course title, car's brand).
    • Objects also exhibit behavior (e.g., student promotion, course registration, car movement).

    What is an Object? (Part 2 of 2)

    • In object-oriented software development, real-world objects are represented in the code.
    • Objects become independent modules with their own data and processes.
    • Object properties like name, age, sex can be updated later to include details like height and origin.
    • Object roles change depending on the context (e.g., person in hospital, student, doctor).

    How Objects are Represented

    • The object's name is underlined.
    • Attributes represent its knowledge or data.
    • Operations describe its behavior or methods.

    Key Concepts of Object Orientation

    • A class is a template for building objects; object instances evolve from a class.
    • A person object has attributes like name, address, and date of birth.
    • Operations include changing name, computing age, and changing address.
    • A class encapsulates characteristics common to a group of objects.
    • Every object is an instance of a class.
    • Classes are denoted similarly to objects, except the class name is not underlined and begins with a capital letter; it tends to be short and singular.
    • Relationships among objects via association, inheritance, composition, and aggregation.

    Relationships

    • Relationships connect objects.
    • Association is a loose connection between objects (e.g., driver, passenger, and car).
    • Aggregation is an "is part of" relationship where objects are grouped together (e.g., house and rooms).
    • Composition is a strong "is part of" relationship (e.g., chair and seat, back, and legs).
    • Inheritance is a relationship where subclasses inherit attributes and behaviors from superclasses (e.g., car and sports car, car and saloon).
    • The connections between objects are called links.
    • Links can also be attributes, and their labels indicate the attribute's name (e.g., a customer has an address, and a name attribute).

    Multiplicity

    • Multiplicity specifies the minimum and maximum occurrences of an object/class related to another object/class (e.g., one car can have 0 to 1 or 1 to 1 carburetors).
    • For example, a car may have 1 or 0 carburetors. Zero to n means any number up to an unlimited amount, such as a car having zero or more seats.

    UML Categories

    • UML consists of about 13 types of diagrams representing the structural and behavioral aspects of a system.
    • Structural diagrams emphasize what must exist in the system.
    • Behavioral diagrams emphasize events and flows of what must happen within the system.

    Hierarchy of UML Diagrams

    • A diagram hierarchy exists for UML diagrams.

    UML Structural Diagrams

    • Class diagrams depict object structure and relationships.
    • Component diagrams illustrate physical architecture, components, and connections.
    • Deployment diagrams show the hardware and software (processors, devices) in the system's architecture.

    UML Behavioral Diagrams

    • Use case diagrams depict interactions between external agents and the system; They show actors, use cases, and relationships.
    • Activity diagrams and object flow diagrams represent activities, object states, state transitions, and events.
    • Collaboration/communication diagrams display objects, relationships, and message exchanges.
    • Sequence diagrams illustrate objects, relationships, and message exchanges chronologically.
    • State diagrams show states, state transitions, and events.

    Overview of Process in OOAD & Key Questions

    • Requirement gathering phase: Use case scenario, use case diagrams.
    • System analysis phase: Class diagrams.
    • System design phase: System architecture and component diagrams.

    Requirements Gathering Phase

    • Business modeling involves understanding the software's operating context.
    • System requirements modeling defines the software's capabilities and non-functional specifications.

    System Analysis Phase

    • Analysis involves understanding the system's entities, properties, and relationships.

    Analysis Phase

    • Identify relevant classes.
    • Document the class diagram.
    • Identify class relationships and multiplicity.
    • Draw class diagrams.
    • Identify class attributes.
    • Ensure agreement with use cases.

    Step 1: Identify Classes

    • Candidate classes can be identified from the requirement models.
    • Important tips include using nouns from use cases.

    Step 2: Identify Relationships

    • Identification of relationships among these classes.
    • Possible types of relationships include inheritance, association, aggregation, and composition.

    Book Reference

    • Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Understanding System Development with UML 2.0 by Mike O'Docherty.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of key object-oriented programming concepts with this quiz. Questions cover class behaviors, object relationships, and terminologies such as attributes, aggregation, and composition. Challenge yourself to deepen your understanding of how objects interact in programming.

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