Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
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What does an object in software represent?

  • A tangible or intangible thing/entity (correct)
  • A template for functions
  • A programming language structure
  • A set of instructions

    • Which statement correctly defines a class in object-oriented programming?

  • It is a function that manipulates data
  • It is an instance of an object
  • It defines the operations of an object
  • It serves as a blueprint for creating objects (correct)

    • Identify the objects from the provided classes: Librarian, Member, and Book.

  • Aishah, Harris, Book (correct)
  • Library, Librarian, Member
  • Library, Tim, Aishah
  • Tim, Librarian, Library

    • Which analogy correctly represents the relationship between a class and an object?

    <p>A blueprint - Room (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is critical in identifying a class for an object?

    <p>The attributes and behaviors defined (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many main types of objects are identified in the example?

    <p>8 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a typical characteristic of a class?

    <p>To represent an instance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the class Librarian primarily represent?

    <p>An employee responsible for managing library operations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which return type do the methods in the Librarian class have?

    <p>boolean (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following attributes is NOT defined in the Librarian class?

    <p>address (C), libraryID (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential enhancement for the recordFinePayment method?

    <p>Include memberID validation before processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the class would benefit from having setter methods?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of object-oriented principles, which concept is best exemplified by the Librarian class?

    <p>Encapsulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To improve code readability, which naming convention should be followed for method names?

    <p>Use camelCase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of not implementing the method operations in the Librarian class?

    <p>It could lead to runtime errors when methods are called (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design pattern could be utilized to manage loans and fines in this class structure?

    <p>Strategy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the relationship between a Library and Books in the context of aggregation?

    <p>A Library can contain multiple Books, but a Book belongs exclusively to one Library. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement incorrectly describes aggregation?

    <p>Part objects must be eliminated when the whole object is destroyed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the lifecycle of a Book compare to that of an Author in a non-aggregated relationship?

    <p>Both can exist independently of each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the aggregation relationship between a Library and Books, what can be inferred about ownership?

    <p>A Book can be transferred to another Library upon the first Library's closure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example represents aggregation correctly?

    <p>A Library housing multiple Books. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of aggregation as opposed to simple association?

    <p>Ownership exists between the whole object and part objects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if a Library ceases to operate in terms of its Books?

    <p>Books can be transferred to a different Library. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the relationship of an Author to their Books differ from the Library to its Books?

    <p>A Book can exist without its Author, unlike Books in a Library. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the properties of aggregation is false?

    <p>In aggregation, part objects are tightly coupled with their whole object. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the concept of aggregation in design?

    <p>It enables the separation of concerns between whole and part objects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the relationship between a Building and its Rooms in terms of lifecycle?

    <p>Rooms cannot exist without a Building and are destroyed when the Building is destroyed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the relationship between a Library and its Books?

    <p>A Library can own many Books while Books are owned solely by one Library. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best illustrates the concept of composition in the context provided?

    <p>A Building and its Rooms where Rooms cannot exist independently of a Building. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a Room when its Building is destroyed?

    <p>The Room is destroyed along with the Building. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of ownership between a Library and its Books, what is accurate?

    <p>Each Library owns its Books exclusively, preventing cross-library ownership. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding compile-time polymorphism is incorrect?

    <p>Inheritance plays a crucial role in achieving compile-time polymorphism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of object-oriented programming, what is the primary characteristic that distinguishes association from aggregation?

    <p>Aggregation implies a stronger relationship, usually involving ownership between objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consider the example of a 'Book' and 'Author' relationship. Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship, as described in the text, with regards to their lifecycles?

    <p>Both have independent lifecycles, and the destruction of one does not affect the other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following relationships is NOT a fundamental type of relationship between classes in the object-oriented programming paradigm, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Dependence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a defining characteristic of run-time polymorphism, as described in the text?

    <p>The actual method that is called is determined at run time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of method overriding, as explained in the text?

    <p>A class overrides a method from its parent class by defining a method with the same name and signature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the relationship of 'Composition' between classes?

    <p>A car has an engine that is a separate component with its own lifespan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between association and aggregation?

    <p>Association is about knowing about each other, while aggregation is about ownership. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of run-time polymorphism (method overriding) when compared to compile-time polymorphism (method overloading)?

    <p>Run-time polymorphism can lead to confusion and ambiguity in determining the correct method implementation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these OOP concepts is best demonstrated by the following scenario: A 'Customer' class has an attribute called 'address', which is an instance of the 'Address' class?

    <p>Composition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Object-Oriented Core Concepts Review

    • Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a software design approach organized around objects rather than actions or logic.
    • An object represents a real-world entity or concept.
    • Objects have properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods).
    • A class acts as a blueprint or template for creating objects.

    Library Example

    • Eight objects are present (Aishah, Harris, Tim, The Hobbit, The Fellowship of the Rings, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time, Library, Loan).
    • Conceptual classes are Member, Book, Librarian.
    • The objects have properties (attributes) like name(author), title, and availability).

    Object, Class Definitions

    • An object is a software representation of a tangible or intangible thing.
    • An object contains both data and actions or methods
    • A class is a template (blueprint) from which objects are created.
    • A class defines the properties (attributes) and actions of its objects.
    • Objects that are of the same class have the same properties and behaviors.
    • Objects have a state and behavior.
    • Properties are characteristics of an object. ( attributes )
    • Behaviors are the actions or operations. ( methods )

    Abstraction

    • Abstraction is the process of focusing on essential properties while ignoring unnecessary details to create an object.
    • For example, to treat a student as a student and not as a complete person in a university management system.
    • Important properties and behaviors of a student will be captured, like name, matric number.
    • Less important aspects of students will be left out like weight and height.

    Encapsulation

    • Encapsulation bundles data (attributes) and methods (actions) that operate on that data into a single unit (class).
    • This hides internal implementation details.
    • Only necessary or expected details are publicly visible.

    Inheritance

    • Inheritance is a way to create new classes from existing classes.
    • A subclass inherits properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods) of a superclass.
    • A subclass can add its own properties and behaviors.
    • The subclass is said to inherit from the superclass.
    • There are several types including single, multilevel, hierarchical, and hybrid.
    • Single inheritance is when a subclass inherits from only one superclass.
    • The hierarchical inheritance is when a class inherits from many subclasses and the subclasses inherits from the one class.
    • Multilevel occurs when a class inherits from the subclass which inherits from the superclass
    • Hybrid inheritance is a combination of single or multilevel inheritance.

    Polymorphism

    • Polymorphism allows different classes to respond in their unique manner to the same message or method call.
    • There are two types: -– Compile-time : Methods with same name have different parameter types or numbers – Run-time polymorphism (Method overriding) : Inherited classes have the same name method but different implementations
    • Method overloading occurs when a class has several methods with the same name. Each method defines parameters of different types, to handle different scenarios.
    • Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already present in its superclass.

    Object-Oriented Class Relationships

    • Association is the fundamental relationship between objects where objects have an independent lifecycle.
    • Aggregation is the special form of association where whole objects have parts. A component object can be independent of the whole object.
    • Composition represents a part-of relationship where a part object cannot live without the whole object.
    • Inheritance is a "is-a" relationship where a specialized class is created out of an existing class.

    Software Development Models

    • Planning; Analyze; Design; Validation and Verification; Programming. -Methods include Waterfall, Incremental Development, Reuse-Oriented SE, Software Prototyping, Incremental Delivery, and Agile Methods.
    • Waterfall: A top-down sequential approach to software development.

    Software Requirements

    • Requirements are the formal statements of what the system should do.
    • Requirements can be functional, quality criteria, or constraints.
    • Functional requirements describe services the system provides (e.g. functions and input/output).
    • Quality requirements define the quality properties of the system or its parts or components.
    • Constraints specify organisational and technological limitations on the system's design and implementation.

    Use Case Analysis

    • Use case analysis is technique used to identify the actors and their tasks.
    • Actors are the external entities that interact with the system.
    • Use cases describe what the system does from the user's perspective (not implementation details).
    • The use case diagram visualizes use cases/functional requirements/goals of the system and the actors interacting, and their relationship.
    • Use case specifications provides detailed descriptions for use cases.

    Unit Testing using JUnit

    • JUnit is a unit testing framework for Java, providing tools to test individual units of code in a manner focused on the expected behaviour.
    • Unit tests include creation and initialization of test objects, verification of the class's methods, and execution of the test class.

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    Object-Oriented Core Concepts Review PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts of object-oriented programming with this quiz. Explore definitions of classes, attributes, methods, and the relationships between objects and classes. Ideal for students looking to solidify their understanding of OOP principles.

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