Object-Centered and Landmark-Centered Representations Quiz

Basic Concepts of Perception

• Perception involves identity and form, pattern and movement, and is used to determine further goals through cognition.

Approaches to Perception

• Bottom-Up Theories: Perception starts with sensory stimuli, and information is processed from the eye to the brain.
• Direct Perception: Information in sensory receptors, including sensory context, is sufficient to perceive anything.
• Template Theories: The mind stores templates, and perception involves matching features to these templates.
• Feature-Matching Theories: Perception involves matching features of a pattern to stored memories.
• Recognition-by-Components (RBC) Theory: Objects are recognized by observing their edges and decomposing them into geons.

Top-Down Theories

• Data-Driven Perception: Perception is driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and prior expectations.
• Constructive Perception: Perception is influenced by both the world and our experiences.
• Color Constancy: The color of an object appears constant despite changes in lighting.
• Context Effects: The surrounding environment influences perception.
• Viewer-Centered Representation: Perception is based on the object's appearance to the viewer.
• Object-Centered Representation: Perception is based on the object's shape, independent of its appearance.
• Landmark-Centered Representation: Perception is based on the relationship to a well-known item.

Laws of Perception

• Law of Pragnanz: Visual arrays are perceived in a way that most simply organizes elements into a stable and coherent form.
• Figure-Ground: A figure is perceived as highlighted against a background.
• Feature-Analysis System: Specializes in recognizing parts of objects and assembling them into wholes.
• Configurational System: Recognizes larger configurations, not analyzing parts of objects.

Perceptual Constancy

• Perceptual Constancy: Perception of an object remains the same despite changes in proximal sensation.
• Size Constancy: Perception of an object's size remains constant despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus.

Depth Perception

• Depth: Distance from a surface, using the body as a reference.
• Depth Cues: Depth perception may depend on more than just distance or depth at which an object is located.
• Monocular Depth Cue: Can be represented in two dimensions and observed with one eye.
• Binocular Depth Cue: Based on sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes.

Deficits in Perception

• Agnosia: Trouble perceiving sensory information, often caused by damage to the temporal and occipital lobes or restricted oxygen flow.
• Simultagnosia: Inability to pay attention to more than one object at a time.
• Prosopagnosia: Severely impaired ability to recognize human faces.
• Optic Ataxia: Impaired ability to use the visual system to guide movement.
• Ataxia: Results from a processing failure in the posterior parietal cortex, where sensorimotor information is processed.

Test your knowledge on object-centered and landmark-centered representations in psychology. Explore concepts like shape stability across orientations and the law of Pragnanz.