Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the main long-term effect of rising leptin levels in the body?

  • Is less potent than insulin in appetite regulation
  • Inhibits NPY release (correct)
  • Stimulates hunger
  • Promotes weight loss in starvation

    • According to the 'Critical size hypothesis,' what happens when a fat cell reaches its maximum size?

  • New pre-adipocytes are recruited for fat storage (correct)
  • The cell divides into smaller cells
  • Insulin promotes cell growth
  • Leptin levels increase in the body

    • Which of the following is a chronic disease NOT associated with obesity according to the text?

  • Stroke
  • Hernia (correct)
  • Gout
  • Osteoarthritis

    • What is the primary criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome based on the provided text?

    <p>Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) below 60 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does adipokines contribute to hypertension in obese individuals?

    <p>They enhance thrombosis formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target for treatment mentioned in the text for severe obesity?

    <p>Semaglutide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health?

    <p>Overweight and obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a cause of obesity mentioned in the text?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of obesity for individuals aged 19 years and older based on BMI?

    <p>BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to obesity according to the text?

    <p>Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assessment method is used to classify obesity for individuals aged 19 years and older according to the text?

    <p>BMI measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic factor is mentioned in the text as contributing to obesity?

    <p>'Fatso gene'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Endothelial injury and dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipoproteins mainly accumulate in the vessel wall in atherosclerosis?

    <p>LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, and thrombosis in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Endothelial injury and dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves smooth muscle cell recruitment from either the media or circulating precursors in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Factor release inducing smooth muscle cell recruitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the transformation of monocytes into macrophages and foam cells in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Endothelial injury and dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs after the accumulation of lipoproteins in the vessel wall in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Monocyte adhesion to the endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of unstable atherosclerotic plaques compared to stable plaques?

    <p>Thin caps, large lipid cores, dense inflammatory infiltrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT typically found in stable atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Large lipid cores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main constituent of an atherosclerotic plaque as described in the text?

    <p>Smooth muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process primarily drives atherogenesis according to the text?

    <p>Vessel wall injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely complication or natural history indicated by the arrow in the image of atherosclerotic plaques A and B?

    <p>Plaque rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stable atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Large lipid cores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of atheromas?

    <p>Protrusion into vessel lumens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do atherosclerotic plaques affect blood flow?

    <p>Increase the risk of thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of atheromatous plaques?

    <p>Presence of friable lipid cores covered by fibrous caps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of arteries are mainly affected by atherosclerosis?

    <p>Large arteries like the aorta and medium-sized arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor that multiplies the risk of atherosclerosis sevenfold?

    <p>Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and smoking combined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do atheromatous plaques contribute to aneurysm formation?

    <p>By weakening the vessel wall and causing ischemic injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

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