30 Questions
What is the main long-term effect of rising leptin levels in the body?
Inhibits NPY release
According to the 'Critical size hypothesis,' what happens when a fat cell reaches its maximum size?
New pre-adipocytes are recruited for fat storage
Which of the following is a chronic disease NOT associated with obesity according to the text?
Hernia
What is the primary criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome based on the provided text?
Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) below 60 mg/dL
How does adipokines contribute to hypertension in obese individuals?
They enhance thrombosis formation
What is the target for treatment mentioned in the text for severe obesity?
Semaglutide
What is considered abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health?
Overweight and obesity
Which of the following is not a cause of obesity mentioned in the text?
Regular exercise
What is the classification of obesity for individuals aged 19 years and older based on BMI?
BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to obesity according to the text?
Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables
What assessment method is used to classify obesity for individuals aged 19 years and older according to the text?
BMI measurement
Which genetic factor is mentioned in the text as contributing to obesity?
'Fatso gene'
What is the initial step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
Endothelial injury and dysfunction
Which type of lipoproteins mainly accumulate in the vessel wall in atherosclerosis?
LDL
What leads to increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, and thrombosis in atherosclerosis?
Endothelial injury and dysfunction
Which process involves smooth muscle cell recruitment from either the media or circulating precursors in atherosclerosis?
Factor release inducing smooth muscle cell recruitment
What initiates the transformation of monocytes into macrophages and foam cells in atherosclerosis?
Endothelial injury and dysfunction
Which event occurs after the accumulation of lipoproteins in the vessel wall in atherosclerosis?
Monocyte adhesion to the endothelium
What are the characteristics of unstable atherosclerotic plaques compared to stable plaques?
Thin caps, large lipid cores, dense inflammatory infiltrates
Which component is NOT typically found in stable atherosclerotic plaques?
Large lipid cores
What is the main constituent of an atherosclerotic plaque as described in the text?
Smooth muscle cells
Which process primarily drives atherogenesis according to the text?
Vessel wall injury
What is the likely complication or natural history indicated by the arrow in the image of atherosclerotic plaques A and B?
Plaque rupture
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stable atherosclerotic plaques?
Large lipid cores
What is the primary cause of atheromas?
Protrusion into vessel lumens
How do atherosclerotic plaques affect blood flow?
Increase the risk of thrombosis
What is a characteristic feature of atheromatous plaques?
Presence of friable lipid cores covered by fibrous caps
Which type of arteries are mainly affected by atherosclerosis?
Large arteries like the aorta and medium-sized arteries
What is the risk factor that multiplies the risk of atherosclerosis sevenfold?
Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and smoking combined
How do atheromatous plaques contribute to aneurysm formation?
By weakening the vessel wall and causing ischemic injury
This quiz provides an overview of obesity and metabolic syndrome, including definitions, assessment methods such as BMI and waist circumference, and global statistics. Learn about the classification of overweight and obesity based on BMI for individuals above 19 years old.
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