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Questions and Answers
What factor contributed to higher levels of obedience in Stanley Milgram's experiment?
What factor contributed to higher levels of obedience in Stanley Milgram's experiment?
Which of the following scenarios would likely decrease obedience based on Milgram's findings?
Which of the following scenarios would likely decrease obedience based on Milgram's findings?
What does the fundamental attribution error refer to?
What does the fundamental attribution error refer to?
In which situation is a person more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error?
In which situation is a person more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error?
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How does ascribing to situational attribution typically affect one's reaction?
How does ascribing to situational attribution typically affect one's reaction?
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When observing Gabby and Kevin during a staff meeting, which attribution would likely be a result of the fundamental attribution error?
When observing Gabby and Kevin during a staff meeting, which attribution would likely be a result of the fundamental attribution error?
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What is a likely consequence of making a dispositional attribution towards negative behavior?
What is a likely consequence of making a dispositional attribution towards negative behavior?
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What characteristic is indicative of someone using dispositional attribution?
What characteristic is indicative of someone using dispositional attribution?
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What can mitigate the likelihood of making a fundamental attribution error?
What can mitigate the likelihood of making a fundamental attribution error?
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What is a common misconception related to situational attribution?
What is a common misconception related to situational attribution?
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What is the primary reason people conform to group norms?
What is the primary reason people conform to group norms?
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Which of the following increases the likelihood of conformity?
Which of the following increases the likelihood of conformity?
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What is the difference between normative and informational social influence?
What is the difference between normative and informational social influence?
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In which scenario is conformity likely to decrease?
In which scenario is conformity likely to decrease?
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Which of the following best describes a confederate in research?
Which of the following best describes a confederate in research?
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How do collectivist cultures tend to differ from individualist cultures regarding conformity?
How do collectivist cultures tend to differ from individualist cultures regarding conformity?
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Which psychological explanation for conformity is associated with the desire to be accepted?
Which psychological explanation for conformity is associated with the desire to be accepted?
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What effect does group unanimity have on conformity?
What effect does group unanimity have on conformity?
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What causes social loafing to be more prevalent in a group setting?
What causes social loafing to be more prevalent in a group setting?
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What is a major outcome of deindividuation during group situations?
What is a major outcome of deindividuation during group situations?
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How can group polarization influence an individual's beliefs?
How can group polarization influence an individual's beliefs?
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Which factor is closely associated with deindividuation in group situations?
Which factor is closely associated with deindividuation in group situations?
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What might lead to an individual expressing bewilderment over their behavior during a group event?
What might lead to an individual expressing bewilderment over their behavior during a group event?
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What effect does the presence of others have on performance for tasks that are well-learned?
What effect does the presence of others have on performance for tasks that are well-learned?
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Which term describes the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group?
Which term describes the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group?
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In what scenario is social facilitation likely to have a negative impact on performance?
In what scenario is social facilitation likely to have a negative impact on performance?
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What did Ringelmann’s studies demonstrate regarding group performance in tug of war?
What did Ringelmann’s studies demonstrate regarding group performance in tug of war?
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Which of these factors is a consequence of social loafing in group settings?
Which of these factors is a consequence of social loafing in group settings?
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What is one likely reason people may perform better on easy tasks in front of an audience?
What is one likely reason people may perform better on easy tasks in front of an audience?
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How does observing others affect performance on tasks that are normally challenging?
How does observing others affect performance on tasks that are normally challenging?
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Which of the following concepts describes the change in behavior when individuals lose self-awareness in groups?
Which of the following concepts describes the change in behavior when individuals lose self-awareness in groups?
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What is altruism primarily concerned with?
What is altruism primarily concerned with?
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What phenomenon occurs when bystanders are less likely to help due to the presence of other bystanders?
What phenomenon occurs when bystanders are less likely to help due to the presence of other bystanders?
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Which of the following factors does NOT increase the likelihood of being helped?
Which of the following factors does NOT increase the likelihood of being helped?
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What critical event sparked research into the bystander effect?
What critical event sparked research into the bystander effect?
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When are individuals more likely to assume responsibility for helping in an emergency?
When are individuals more likely to assume responsibility for helping in an emergency?
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Which of the following statements about social exchange theory is accurate?
Which of the following statements about social exchange theory is accurate?
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Which of the following increases the likelihood of helping behavior according to the documented factors?
Which of the following increases the likelihood of helping behavior according to the documented factors?
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What happens when responsibility is diffused among a group of bystanders?
What happens when responsibility is diffused among a group of bystanders?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology Lecture Overview
- Social Psychology studies how individuals think about, influence, and relate to one another.
- Three key areas are social thinking, social influence, and social relations.
What is Social Psychology?
- A scientific study of how people think, influence, and relate to one another.
- Social psychologists examine social influences, and why the same person can act differently in different situations.
- They utilize scientific methods to study how people think, influence, and relate to one another.
Social Thinking: Attribution Theory
- Attribution theory explains how people explain the behavior of others.
- It involves attributing behavior to either internal (dispositional) or external (situational) factors.
- Internal attribution is when a behavior is attributed to the person's personality, while external attribution is when a behavior is attributed to situational factors.
Social Thinking: Fundamental Attribution Error
- Observers underestimate the impact of the situation (external factors) and overestimate the impact of personal disposition (internal factors).
- This error makes people more likely to attribute others' actions to their personalities rather than the situation.
Social Thinking: Attitudes and Actions
- Attitudes are feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose us to respond to people, objects, and events in a particular manner.
- Attitudes are likely to affect behavior when external influences are minimal and when the attitude is stable, specific to the behavior, and easily recalled.
Social Thinking: Cognitive Dissonance
- Cognitive dissonance is when our beliefs and actions don't align.
- People experience discomfort when they hold conflicting beliefs or when their actions contradict their beliefs.
- People will try to reduce dissonance in order to relieve discomfort (e.g., by changing a belief or behavior).
- Methods of dissonance reduction include changing beliefs, changing behaviors, and changing perceptions of their actions.
Social Influence: Conformity and Social Norms
- Conformity is adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
- The Asch conformity experiment found that individuals often conform to group pressure, even when the group's answer is clearly incorrect.
- Factors influencing conformity include group unanimity, group size, and the presence of a social role model.
- Informational social influence occurs when people accept others' opinions as new information, while normative social influence is the influence resulting from a desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
- Cultural factors influence conformity: collectivist cultures tend to have higher conformity rates than individualist cultures.
Social Influence: Obedience
- Obedience is following orders.
- Milgram's obedience experiment demonstrated strong social pressure to obey authority figures, even when the task was questionable.
- Factors that affect obedience include closeness to the authority figure, institutional legitimacy/prestige of the authority figure and perceived depersonalization of the victim. The absence of moral role models in the situation also plays a role.
Social Influence: Group Behavior: Social Facilitation
- The presence of others arouses people, leading to better performance on well-learned tasks and worse performance on difficult tasks.
Social Influence: Group Behavior: Social Loafing
- Social loafing is the tendency for people to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal than when individually accountable.
- Factors that contribute to social loafing include feelings of reduced accountability.
Social Influence: Group Behavior: Deindividuation
- Deindividuation is a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
- This can lead to extreme behavior that individuals would not normally exhibit on their own.
Social Influence: Group Behavior: Group Polarization
- Group discussions with like-minded others tend to strengthen members' prevailing beliefs and attitudes.
Social Influence: Group Behavior: Groupthink
- Groupthink is a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony and agreement in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
- Groupthink leads to poor decisions and errors in judgment.
Social Relations: Attraction
- Proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity are key factors influencing attraction.
Social Relations: Love
- Passionate love is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, common at the beginning of a romantic relationship; while companionate love is mutually supportive, fulfilling and enduring. These factors are crucial for a satisfying relationship.
Social Relations: Altruism
- Altruism is unselfish concern for another's welfare; it sometimes involves putting one's own life in danger to help another person.
Social Relations: Bystander Intervention
- The bystander effect is the tendency for a bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present due to a diffusion of responsibility.
- Factors that increase the likelihood of getting help include the victim being a woman, similar to the potential helper (in age, race, ethnicity etc), the potential helper not being preoccupied, or having a general good mood.
- When an incident/event is noticed, interpreted as an emergency, and/or a bystander feels a responsibility to intervene, there is a greater likelihood of someone getting help.
Social Relations: Why We Help?
- Social exchange theory suggests that helping is a cost-benefit analysis where people help when perceived benefits outweigh costs.
- Reciprocity norm is the expectation that we should return help to those who have helped us.
- Social responsibility norm is the expectation that people should help those in need, regardless of personal cost.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key findings from notable obedience studies, including Milgram and Burger's experiments. Understand the factors that influence compliance and obedience in various scenarios. This quiz will challenge your understanding of psychological principles surrounding authority and conformity.
