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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the article by Kristin Bird and Gerald Moore?

  • Management of back pain
  • Evaluation of joint disorders
  • Conducting an office-based musculoskeletal exam (correct)
  • Assessment of skeletal injuries

Which of the following would most likely be considered a red flag of low back pain?

  • Localized muscle soreness
  • Improvement with rest
  • Recent change in mobility (correct)
  • Decreased range of motion

In the context of musculoskeletal complaints, what is the importance of conducting a thorough history?

  • To assess familial tendencies in joint diseases
  • To determine the effectiveness of previous treatments
  • To rule out all possible causes of pain
  • To identify potential underlying conditions (correct)

What aspect should NOT be overlooked when assessing back pain in a patient?

<p>The layout of the examination room (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of bidirectional or vertical nystagmus suggest?

<p>It suggests a central cause of vertigo. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom could complicate the assessment of low back pain?

<p>Presence of joint swelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When evaluating nystagmus, what should be observed when asking the patient to look to the sides?

<p>Slight changes in direction of eye movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nystagmus is considered more reassuring during evaluation?

<p>Unidirectional nystagmus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nystagmus evaluation, which statement accurately describes what is sought after?

<p>Changes in eye direction indicating potential underlying issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient exhibits unidirectional nystagmus during evaluation, what is the likely implication?

<p>It indicates a benign cause of vertigo. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between breath-holding spells and epileptic seizures?

<p>Epileptic seizures typically involve a loss of consciousness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following differentiates between stereotypies and tics?

<p>Tics are often preceded by an urge to move. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In pediatric neurology, what defines paroxysmal non-epileptic disorders?

<p>They can be differentiated by the age of onset. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes upper motor neuron (UMN) dysfunction compared to lower motor neuron (LMN) dysfunction?

<p>UMN dysfunction typically preserves deep tendon reflexes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about neurologic disorders is true?

<p>Pseudoseizures are typically not associated with electrical discharges in the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic risk factors co-occur for both Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

<p>Abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for aerobic physical activity to achieve significant systolic blood pressure reduction?

<p>30 minutes most days of the week. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary pattern is specifically mentioned as part of a healthy eating plan?

<p>DASH diet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key considerations in providing person-centered and culturally effective care?

<p>Respectful communication and building trust. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the 5 'A's framework for obesity management?

<p>Advocate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these screening methods is commonly used in assessing the risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease?

<p>ASCVD Risk Calculator. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evaluating metabolic syndrome, which condition is usually assessed?

<p>Hypertension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the physical activity recommendations for managing metabolic syndrome?

<p>Aerobic activity for overall health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of treatment for clubfoot?

<p>Ponseti method of serial casting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which screening method is recommended for detecting developmental dysplasia of the hip in high-risk infants?

<p>Ortolani/Barlow tests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)?

<p>Avascular necrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what angle of curvature is scoliosis considered significant and diagnosed?

<p>10° (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which age group is ultrasound screening for hip dysplasia recommended?

<p>4-6 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incidence rate of clubfoot in live births?

<p>1-2 per 1000 live births (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of clubfoot?

<p>Deduction of the forefoot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is commonly used for non-operative management of scoliosis curves between 25° and 40°?

<p>Bracing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key physical exam finding for SCFE?

<p>Decreased internal rotation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is referral to orthopedics necessary for developmental dysplasia of the hip?

<p>For abnormal physical exam or imaging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is indicated for hip dislocation in DDH?

<p>Pavlik harness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scoliosis screening is commonly performed using which method?

<p>Forward bend test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the follow-up care after applying the Ponseti method for clubfoot?

<p>Use of a foot abduction orthosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Nystagmus Evaluation

  • When evaluating nystagmus, ask the patient to look slightly left and then right. Notice slight changes in direction.
  • Bidirectional or vertical nystagmus suggests a central cause of vertigo, like a stroke.
  • Unidirectional nystagmus is reassuring and may not be indicative of a serious condition.

Common Problems Pediatric Neurology - Paroxysmal Non-Epileptiform Disorders

  • Paroxysmal non-epileptiform disorders can be classified based on the age of onset.
  • There are differences between breath-holding spells and epileptic seizures, as well as between stereotypies and tics.
  • Important to differentiate between non-epileptic seizures (pseudoseizures) and true epileptic seizures.

Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Dysfunction vs. Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Dysfunction - Cranial Nerve 7

  • UMNs are part of the Central Nervous System (CNS), with cell bodies located in the brain or spinal cord.

Orthopedic Conditions in Children

Clubfoot

  • Clubfoot is a complex deformity characterized by a high arch, adducted forefoot, varus hindfoot, and equinus.
  • Incidence is around 1-2 per 1000 live births.
  • Can be idiopathic or associated with neuromuscular conditions or syndromes.
  • Treatment involves the Ponseti method of serial casting and possible Achilles tenotomy.
  • After casting, patients wear foot abduction orthosis full-time for 3 months, then part-time until age 4.
  • Recurrence is common and may require additional casting or surgery.
  • Referral to an orthopedic specialist familiar with the Ponseti method is recommended.
  • Chronic pain is a common complication.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

  • DDH is a spectrum of disorders ranging from mild acetabular dysplasia to complete hip dislocation.
  • Key risk factors include breech presentation and family history.
  • Screening is done with a physical exam (Ortolani/Barlow tests) in infancy.
  • Ultrasound screening is recommended at 4-6 weeks for high-risk infants.
  • X-rays are used for screening after 4-6 months of age.
  • Treatment depends on age and severity and may include Pavlik harness, closed reduction, or open reduction.
  • The goal is to maintain concentric hip reduction to allow normal development.
  • Referral to an orthopedic specialist is needed for abnormal physical exams or imaging findings.

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

  • SCFE is a displacement of the femoral metaphysis anteriorly/laterally on the epiphysis.
  • Typically occurs in adolescents, often obese.
  • Can present with hip, knee, or thigh pain.
  • Physical exam shows decreased internal rotation and abduction of the hip; persistent hip pain.
  • Diagnosis is made with AP and frog-leg lateral x-rays of the pelvis.
  • Treatment is urgent surgical fixation.
  • Complications include avascular necrosis and future arthritis.
  • Urgent referral to an orthopedic specialist or the ED is needed when suspected.

Scoliosis

  • Scoliosis is defined as a spinal curve greater than 10° on x-ray, showing lateral curvature.
  • Most common type is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
  • Screening is done with the forward bend test and scoliometer.
  • X-rays are indicated for a scoliometer reading greater than 7°.
  • Curves between 10-25° are monitored.
  • Curves between 25-40° are often treated with bracing.
  • Curves greater than 50° usually require surgical fusion.
  • MRI is indicated for atypical curves or early-onset scoliosis.
  • Referral to an orthopedic specialist is recommended for curves greater than 20-25°.

Stanford Low Back Exam


Orthopedic Videos

  • Hoffman sign: Tests for impingement
  • Impingement sign:
  • Rotator cuff:
  • Thomas Test: Tests for hip flexion
  • Milking effusion in the knee:
  • Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL):
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL):
  • McMurray:
  • Lachman's:
  • Anterior Drawer:
  • Posterior Drawer:

Musculoskeletal Class Slides


Conditions Requiring Urgent Attention


Respiratory Assessment

  • Perform direct or indirect percussion on the chest, and compare each side for:

  • Auscultate the chest with the stethoscope diaphragm, comparing sides for:



Metabolic Syndrome

  • Metabolic Syndrome: Co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors for both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD): abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.

Diabesity


    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   

DASH Diet Eating Plan


Physical Activity Recommendations

  • 4-9mmHg systolic blood pressure (SBP) reduction with aerobic physical activity for 30 minutes most days of the week.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Screening


ASCVD Risk Calculator


USPSTF Statin Use Recommendations


Person-Centered / Culturally Effective Care


OARS


SDOH with Screening


Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2021


Assessing and Managing the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adults


The 5 As Framework for Obesity Management


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