Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Reptiles
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Questions and Answers

What is the most rewarding radiography technique for tortoises with pneumonia?

  • Vertical beam views
  • Oblique beam views
  • Cone beam computed tomography
  • Horizontal beam views (correct)
  • Which diagnostic method is indicated in all reptiles with pneumonia?

  • Endoscopic lung biopsy
  • Cytology
  • Culture
  • Tracheal wash (correct)
  • What is the primary purpose of wet-to-dry bandages in shell fracture repair?

  • To maintain constant negative pressure
  • To provide analgesia
  • To promote shell growth
  • To clear infection (correct)
  • Which treatment option for stomatitis can aid in specific diagnosis?

    <p>Culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of periodontal disease in agamids and chameleons?

    <p>Gingival inflammation and recession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical presentation of neurological disease in snakes?

    <p>Seizures and aggressive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Inclusion Body Disease in Boids?

    <p>Infection with arenavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of neurological signs, poor growth, and immunosuppression in bearded dragons?

    <p>Agamid adenovirus 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Metabolic Bone Disease) in reptiles?

    <p>Inappropriate heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of blood phosphate in cases of Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Metabolic Bone Disease)?

    <p>Elevated levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Post-Hibernation Anorexia in tortoises?

    <p>Fluid therapy and achieve urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Oesophagostomy Tube in veterinary medicine?

    <p>To administer antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can compromise immunity and favor pathogens in tortoises during hibernation?

    <p>Chronic stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of Runny Nose Syndrome in tortoises?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended hibernation preparation for tortoises?

    <p>Decrease temperature gradually initially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should intervention be considered for tortoises during hibernation?

    <p>Presence of any clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to ensure familiarity with the species during the initial consultation for reptile medicine?

    <p>To identify any husbandry deficiencies specific to the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to set aside enough time for a full assessment of husbandry during the initial consultation?

    <p>To address husbandry before clinical disease results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to observe the reptile prior to handling during the clinical examination?

    <p>To evaluate the reptile's response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of developing a personal system for examination in reptile medicine?

    <p>To ensure no points are missed during examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to perform faecal analysis on every patient in reptile medicine?

    <p>To identify any parasites with a direct life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for evaluating husbandry and making improvements during any consultation in reptile medicine?

    <p>To identify any husbandry deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of addressing husbandry before clinical disease results in reptile medicine?

    <p>To prevent clinical disease from occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to carry out a systematic appraisal and analysis during the clinical examination in reptile medicine?

    <p>To ensure no points are missed during examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of combined choanal and cloacal swabs for PCR in agamid adenovirus screening?

    <p>To detect the presence of the virus in both respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers vertebral cleavage leading to tail autoamputation in geckos?

    <p>Rough handling and acute stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for treating urolithiasis in bearded dragons?

    <p>Flushing uroliths by instilling fluid into the cloaca and rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of osteomyelitis in geckos?

    <p>Swelling and pain in the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is frequent defaecation important in preventing urolithiasis in bearded dragons?

    <p>To avoid dessication of urates in the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural defense mechanism for tail amputation in geckos triggered by?

    <p>Rough handling and acute stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to minimize bleeding for tail amputations in geckos?

    <p>Utilize autoamputation to minimize bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are choanal and cloacal swabs used for PCR testing in agamid adenovirus screening?

    <p>To comprehensively assess viral presence in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite, when present in low numbers, is rarely significant in many reptile species and can be treated with fenbendazole?

    <p>Pinworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite can cause diarrhoea, weight loss, and reduced growth in agamids?

    <p>Coccidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite is common in tortoise faeces and is usually not pathogenic?

    <p>Cryptosporidium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ectoparasite can lead to anaemia and be a vector of disease in reptiles?

    <p>Ophionyssus natricus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to diagnose renal dysfunction in reptiles?

    <p>Analyzing urine and blood samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is used to prevent and treat nutritional deficiencies in reptiles?

    <p>Vitamin and mineral supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is used to treat muscle injuries and joint disorders in reptiles?

    <p>Hydrotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice can help prevent the spread of disease in reptiles?

    <p>Avoiding contact with reptiles if sick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Debilitated animals are more susceptible to parasitic overgrowth, including Pinworms, Oxyurids, Coccidia, Ascarids, Protozoa, and Cryptosporidium.
    • Both a fresh smear and flotation technique should be used for accurate parasite identification.
    • Pinworms (Enterobius spp.) are common in many reptile species, rarely significant in low numbers, and can be treated with fenbendazole (20mg/kg/d for five doses).
    • Oxyurids are also common in most reptile species, and can lead to impaction, ill thrift, and death.
    • Coccidia, such as Isospora amphiboluri, can cause diarrhoea, weight loss, and reduced growth in agamids.
    • Protozoa, including Cryptosporidium, are common in tortoise faeces and are usually not pathogenic.
    • Salmonella is frequently carried by captive reptiles, but not by wild ones, and treatment is not recommended due to potential antibiotic resistance.
    • Ectoparasites, such as Ophionyssus natricus, can lead to anaemia and be a vector of disease. Treatment includes fipronil (Frontline) at 2ml/kg and ivermectin, but with caution due to toxicity and potential for adverse reactions.
    • Blood sampling methods vary between species, including tortoises (jugular vein, subcarapacial sinus, or dorsal tail vein), lizards (ventral tail vein), and snakes (ventral tail vein, palatine vessel, or jugular vein).
    • Biochemistry tests, including serum or heparinised plasma, are used to diagnose conditions such as hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, calcium imbalances, and hepatomegaly.
    • Hepatic dysfunction is common in reptiles, and can be characterized by non-specific symptoms, elevated liver enzymes, and low albumin and uric acid levels.
    • Renal dysfunction can be diagnosed by analyzing urine and blood samples, and can be characterized by elevated urinary GGT, NAG, and AST, as well as elevated urea and creatinine levels.
    • Hepatic and renal dysfunction can be caused by various factors, including diet, infection, concurrent disease, and poor husbandry.
    • Calcium imbalances can be caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism, which can be diagnosed by measuring the levels of 1,25-Cholecalciferol and PTH.
    • Intravenous fluids and electrolyte supplements can be used to treat dehydration, hypoglycemia, and other metabolic disorders.
    • Prednisolone and other corticosteroids are used to treat immune-mediated disorders and certain infectious diseases.
    • Vitamin and mineral supplements, such as vitamin A and D3, are used to prevent and treat nutritional deficiencies.
    • Antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and metronidazole, are used to treat bacterial infections.
    • Antiparasitic drugs, such as fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate, and ivermectin, are used to treat parasitic infestations.
    • Antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole and miconazole, are used to treat fungal infections.
    • Heparin, vitamin K, and other coagulation factors are used to treat hemorrhagic disorders.
    • Hydrotherapy, such as warm baths and massages, can be used to treat muscle injuries and joint disorders.
    • Surgery, such as amputations, spinal repairs, and the removal of tumors, can be used to treat various conditions, such as fractures, spinal injuries, and malignancies.
    • Other treatments, such as hyperthermia, phototherapy, and the use of herbs and supplements, can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including infections, inflammation, and metabolic disorders.
    • Good hygiene practices, such as cleaning cages regularly and avoiding contact with reptiles if sick, can help prevent the spread of disease.
    • In advanced cases, euthanasia is a humane option to prevent suffering.
    • Advanced research is being conducted on the use of stem cells and other emerging technologies to treat various conditions in reptiles.

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    Reptile Medicine PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, a metabolic bone disease that affects all reptiles. Learn about the factors that affect calcium metabolism, the importance of calcium homeostasis, and the consequences of reduced calcium availability.

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