Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a common effect of cognitive impairment on oral health?
What is a common effect of cognitive impairment on oral health?
- Improved oral muscular control
- Increased appetite
- Enhanced sense of taste
- Loss of oral muscular control (correct)
What is polypharmacy?
What is polypharmacy?
- The use of a single medication
- The use of multiple medications (correct)
- The use of over-the-counter medications only
- The use of herbal supplements
Which of the following is a nutritional intervention for cognitive impairment?
Which of the following is a nutritional intervention for cognitive impairment?
- Encouraging food restriction
- Promoting polypharmacy
- Dietary focus on nutrient-dense diet and hydration (correct)
- Focusing on high-calorie diet
What can be an effect of polypharmacy on food consumption?
What can be an effect of polypharmacy on food consumption?
What is a grade one of thinness in the frail elderly?
What is a grade one of thinness in the frail elderly?
Which of the following is a nutritional risk factor for the elderly?
Which of the following is a nutritional risk factor for the elderly?
What is a potential consequence of cognitive impairment on appetite regulation?
What is a potential consequence of cognitive impairment on appetite regulation?
What is a key consideration when identifying nutritional risk factors in older adults?
What is a key consideration when identifying nutritional risk factors in older adults?
Which of the following is a common effect of cognitive impairment on sensory function?
Which of the following is a common effect of cognitive impairment on sensory function?
Which of the following is a nutritional risk factor specific to older adults?
Which of the following is a nutritional risk factor specific to older adults?
What is the purpose of the Nutrition Screening Initiative's DETERMINE checklist?
What is the purpose of the Nutrition Screening Initiative's DETERMINE checklist?
How do caloric requirements change with age?
How do caloric requirements change with age?
What are 'discretionary calories'?
What are 'discretionary calories'?
Which of the following is a dietary recommendation for older adults?
Which of the following is a dietary recommendation for older adults?
What is a risk factor for older adults that affects their nutritional health?
What is a risk factor for older adults that affects their nutritional health?
Which of the following is a nutrition-related issue in older adults?
Which of the following is a nutrition-related issue in older adults?
Why do nutrient recommendations change?
Why do nutrient recommendations change?
What factor contributes to a decrease in energy needs for older adults?
What factor contributes to a decrease in energy needs for older adults?
What is a key recommendation for older adults in terms of energy sources?
What is a key recommendation for older adults in terms of energy sources?
In what year were specific nutrient recommendations for those over 51 established?
In what year were specific nutrient recommendations for those over 51 established?
What is a common consequence of age-related sensory decline in older adults?
What is a common consequence of age-related sensory decline in older adults?
What is a nutritional risk factor for older adults?
What is a nutritional risk factor for older adults?
What is a common challenge for older adults in terms of weight management?
What is a common challenge for older adults in terms of weight management?
What is a key factor in appetite regulation in older adults?
What is a key factor in appetite regulation in older adults?
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Study Notes
Nutritional Risk Factors
- Identifying risk involves considering total saturated fats, fruits, vegetables, whole-grains, and caloric intake
- Comparing dietary intake to nutrient intake recommendations
- Screening a population at risk and determining how environmental factors predict nutritional health using the Nutrition Screening Initiative's DETERMINE checklist
Risk Factors for Older Adults
- Hunger, poverty, low food, and nutrient intake
- Functional disability, affecting daily tasks and independent living
- Social isolation or living alone
- Urban and rural demographic areas
- Depression, dementia, and dependency
- Poor dentition and oral health
- Diet-related acute or chronic diseases
- Polypharmacy, minority, and advanced age
Dietary Recommendations for Older Adults
- As age increases, the number of calories required decreases
- MyPlate for older adults and adaptations by groups like University of Florida and Tufts
- Discretionary calories are excess calories to enjoy once required nutrient needs are met
Nutrient Recommendations
- Nutrient recommendations change as scientists learn more about effects of foods on human functions
- Specific nutrient recommendations for those over 51 were established in 1997
- Estimating energy needs: decrease in physical activity and basal metabolic rate from early to late adulthood results in 70-100 fewer calories needed
- Nutrient recommendations for older adults:
- Energy sources: carbohydrate and fiber, protein, fats and cholesterol, and recommendations for fluid
Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Alzheimer's Disease
- Effects of cognitive impairment:
- Confusion, anxiety, agitation, loss of oral muscular control
- Impairment of hunger and appetite regulation, changes in smell and taste
- Dental, chewing, and swallowing problems
- Nutritional interventions for cognitive impairment:
- Ensuring food safety, safe use of kitchen tools and equipment
- Dietary focus: nutrient-dense diet, hydration, and supplying needed energy
Polypharmacy
- Polypharmacy: multiple medication usage, with three or more constituting a risk
- Medication effects on physical, mental, and financial status
- Medication effects on food consumption: dietary restriction, interference with appetite, digestion, metabolism, and alertness
Low Body Weight/Unintentional Weight Loss
- No consensus or universal definition for underweight in the frail elderly
- Underweight: lowest percentiles, with grades of thinness:
- Grade one: BMI 17-18.49
- Grade two: BMI 16-16.99
- Grade three: BMI < 16
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