Nutritional Needs of Children
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Nutritional Needs of Children

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What is the main benefit of breastfeeding for infants?

  • Increased lactose levels
  • Higher levels of IgA and lactoferrin (correct)
  • Lower levels of vitamins
  • Increased risk of infection

    • Which of the following indicates that an infant is receiving enough breast milk?

  • Less than 4 bowel movements daily
  • Infant always cries after nursing
  • 6-8 wet diapers every day (correct)
  • Significant weight loss after birth

    • What does protein energy malnutrition (PEM) primarily refer to?

  • A deficiency of micronutrients only
  • Overnutrition primarily affecting adults
  • An imbalance between nutrient supply and body demand (correct)
  • An excess of protein intake

    • What is complementary feeding?

    <p>Completing breastfeeding with a milk formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT attributed to undernutrition?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary cause of undernutrition?

    <p>Infections such as pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula is suitable for infants with lactose intolerance?

    <p>Soy-based formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does low birth weight contribute to protein energy malnutrition (PEM)?

    <p>It is associated with a greater risk of nutritional deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the weaning process?

    <p>Introduction of solid foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should parents do when preparing cow or buffalo milk for infants?

    <p>Boil properly to make it digestible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of protein energy undernutrition (PEU) is based on body weight and edema?

    <p>Wellcome classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Kwashiorkor?

    <p>A deficiency of protein with edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor associated with bottle feeding?

    <p>Increased risk of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is sometimes overlooked in the etiology of malnutrition?

    <p>Food taboos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of formula is Bebelac AR designed for?

    <p>Anti-reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of deaths under 5 years is contributed to by undernutrition?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of breastfeeding as compared to formula feeding?

    <p>Breastfeeding provides protective substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of child feeding includes breast and formula feeding?

    <p>Phase I: First 4-6 months of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended average daily milk intake for exclusively breastfed infants?

    <p>750-800 ml/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is colostrum and when is it produced?

    <p>The first milk produced, from 3rd trimester to 3-5 days after delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding?

    <p>Increases infant mortality rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal actions occur when an infant suckles at the breast?

    <p>Stimulation of prolactin for milk maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes transitional milk?

    <p>Produced from 3-5 days to 2-3 weeks after delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'Milk of the breast is truly the best' imply?

    <p>Breast milk is superior for infants' health and nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical feature on which the diagnosis of Kwashiorkor is based?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes are NOT commonly observed in children with Kwashiorkor?

    <p>Growth spurts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable skin condition is associated with Kwashiorkor?

    <p>Xerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary skin change associated with nutritional deficiencies?

    <p>Flaky paint dermatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to the mental changes in children suffering from Kwashiorkor?

    <p>Maternal deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal manifestation is commonly observed?

    <p>Hepatomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte abnormality is a cause of edema in Kwashiorkor?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral deficiency is associated with anemia?

    <p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of the 'flag sign' in hair indicate in Kwashiorkor?

    <p>Decreased melanin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by gross wasting of muscles?

    <p>Marasmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a variable feature of Kwashiorkor?

    <p>Stable mental state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'scaphoid abdomen'?

    <p>Thin abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kwashiorkor, how is the subcutaneous fat typically affected?

    <p>It remains preserved or increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common skin manifestation of malnutrition?

    <p>Loss of skin elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency is associated with keratomalacia?

    <p>Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of protein-energy undernutrition?

    <p>Bleeding tendencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nutritional Needs of Children

    • Breastfeeding provides all necessary nutrients in the right quantities for infants.
    • Breastfeeding is the most suitable feeding method for infants, providing them with protective substances, easy digestion, and availability at the right temperature.
    • Breastfeeding promotes a hygienic and cost-effective feeding method, enabling bonding between the mother and child.
    • Breastfeeding helps reduce infant mortality, SIDS, necrotizing enterocolitis, ER visits, ear infections, diarrheal illnesses, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 and 2 diabetes, leukemia, and lymphoma.
    • Breast milk volume increases rapidly in the first 2-3 days after birth and then more slowly, reaching an average of 750-800 ml/day.
    • The normal range of breast milk intake for exclusively breastfed infants is wide, between 550-1200 ml/day.
    • Prolactin and oxytocin play a role in milk production and ejection.
    • Colostrum: The first milk produced, rich in protein, sodium, zinc, vitamin A, immunoglobulins, and growth factors.
    • Transitional milk: Produced between 3-5 days to 2-3 weeks after birth.
    • Mature milk: Established within 2-3 weeks after birth.
    • Signs of adequate breastfeeding: 6-8 wet diapers, 4+ bowel movements, audible swallowing, infant satisfaction, and weight gain after birth.

    Formula Feeding

    • Formula feeding is an alternative to breast milk when breastfeeding is not possible.
    • Formula types include:
      • Cow milk-based.
      • Soy-based.
      • Goat milk-based.
    • Formula preparation:
      • Cow or buffalo milk should be boiled properly.
      • Commercially available powdered formula is reconstituted by mixing one level measure with 30 ml of water.
    • Formula forms:
      • Ready-to-use.
      • Liquid concentrate.
      • Powdered.
    • Medicinal formula:
      • Soy-based for lactose intolerance.
      • Anti-reflux for gastroesophageal reflux.
      • Lactose-free for lactose intolerance and galactosemia.
      • Premature and LBW for low birth weight and premature infants.
      • Phenylalanine-free for phenylketonuria.
      • Amino acid-based for cow milk allergy.

    Weaning

    • Gradual introduction of solid foods marks the beginning of weaning.
    • Weaning does not mean the complete cessation of breastfeeding; it is a gradual withdrawal of milk alongside the introduction of a wide range of non-milk foods.

    Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

    • Defined as an imbalance between the supply of protein and energy and the body's demand for them.
    • Includes:
      • Overnutrition.
      • Undernutrition.
    • Two basic types:
      • Protein-Energy Undernutrition (PEU): Lack of calories and protein.
      • Micronutrient deficiency: Lack of vitamins and minerals.
    • Mortality: Undernutrition is responsible for 35% of deaths under 5 years.
    • Etiology:
      • Primary: Poverty and ignorance, interaction of nutrition and infections.
      • Secondary: Result from other diseases, infections, lack of breastfeeding, inadequate child spacing, dietary practices, and cultural taboos.

    Classifications of PEU

    • Wellcome Classification: Based on body weight deficit and edema.

    Kwashiorkor

    • Onset is acute, within 1-2 weeks.
    • Features:
      • Growth retardation.
      • Edema: Pitting, bilateral, starts in hands and feet, spreading to legs and eyelids, no ascites.
      • Muscle wasting with some retained subcutaneous fat.
      • Mental changes: Apathy, inactivity, misery, anorexia, radar gaze.
      • Variable features:
        • Ectodermal changes: Hair (lightening, flag sign, dryness, brittleness, sparseness), skin (flaky paint dermatosis, fissuring, ulceration).
        • Gastrointestinal manifestations: Hepatomegaly, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distension.
        • Anemia.
        • Vitamin and mineral deficiencies:
          • Vitamin A: Keratomalacia.
          • Vitamin B2: Angular stomatitis, glossitis.
          • Vitamin D: Atrophic rickets.
          • Vitamin C: Scurvy.
          • Nicotinic acid: Pellagra.
          • Copper: Anemia, hair and mental changes.
          • Zinc: Hair, mental and skin changes.
        • Associated infections: Respiratory tract, GIT, skin and mouth, urinary tract infections.

    Marasmus

    • Onset is gradual between 6 months to 3 years.
    • Features:
      • Growth retardation.
      • Loss of subcutaneous fat: Classified by degree (abdomen, limbs, face).
      • Decreased muscle bulk.
      • Skin manifestation: Loss of elasticity, folds.
      • Abdomen: Scaphoid, visible peristalsis.
      • Irritability due to hunger pain.
      • Hypothermia.
      • GI manifestations: Constipation, starvation stools, diarrhea.
      • CVS: Weak and slow pulse (unless with dehydration).
      • Respiratory system: Shallow breathing, chest infections.
      • Vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
      • Infections.

    Complications of PEU

    • Dehydration, acid-base disturbance, shock.
    • Hypothermia.
    • Bleeding tendencies, purpura.
    • Heart failure.
    • Renal failure.
    • Metabolic complications:
      • Hypoglycemia.
      • Hypocalcemia.
      • Hyponatremia.
      • Hypokalemia.
      • Hypomagnesemia.

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    Description

    Explore the essential nutritional benefits of breastfeeding for infants. This quiz covers the importance of breast milk, its composition, and its effects on infant health. Test your knowledge on breastfeeding's role in promoting hygiene and reducing health risks for children.

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