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What is the main benefit of breastfeeding for infants?
What is the main benefit of breastfeeding for infants?
Which of the following indicates that an infant is receiving enough breast milk?
Which of the following indicates that an infant is receiving enough breast milk?
What does protein energy malnutrition (PEM) primarily refer to?
What does protein energy malnutrition (PEM) primarily refer to?
What is complementary feeding?
What is complementary feeding?
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Which condition is NOT attributed to undernutrition?
Which condition is NOT attributed to undernutrition?
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Which of the following is a primary cause of undernutrition?
Which of the following is a primary cause of undernutrition?
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Which formula is suitable for infants with lactose intolerance?
Which formula is suitable for infants with lactose intolerance?
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How does low birth weight contribute to protein energy malnutrition (PEM)?
How does low birth weight contribute to protein energy malnutrition (PEM)?
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What is the first step in the weaning process?
What is the first step in the weaning process?
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What should parents do when preparing cow or buffalo milk for infants?
What should parents do when preparing cow or buffalo milk for infants?
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Which classification of protein energy undernutrition (PEU) is based on body weight and edema?
Which classification of protein energy undernutrition (PEU) is based on body weight and edema?
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What is a characteristic of Kwashiorkor?
What is a characteristic of Kwashiorkor?
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What is a common risk factor associated with bottle feeding?
What is a common risk factor associated with bottle feeding?
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Which factor is sometimes overlooked in the etiology of malnutrition?
Which factor is sometimes overlooked in the etiology of malnutrition?
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What type of formula is Bebelac AR designed for?
What type of formula is Bebelac AR designed for?
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What percentage of deaths under 5 years is contributed to by undernutrition?
What percentage of deaths under 5 years is contributed to by undernutrition?
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What is the primary benefit of breastfeeding as compared to formula feeding?
What is the primary benefit of breastfeeding as compared to formula feeding?
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Which phase of child feeding includes breast and formula feeding?
Which phase of child feeding includes breast and formula feeding?
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What is the recommended average daily milk intake for exclusively breastfed infants?
What is the recommended average daily milk intake for exclusively breastfed infants?
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What is colostrum and when is it produced?
What is colostrum and when is it produced?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding?
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What hormonal actions occur when an infant suckles at the breast?
What hormonal actions occur when an infant suckles at the breast?
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Which of the following describes transitional milk?
Which of the following describes transitional milk?
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What does the phrase 'Milk of the breast is truly the best' imply?
What does the phrase 'Milk of the breast is truly the best' imply?
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What is the main clinical feature on which the diagnosis of Kwashiorkor is based?
What is the main clinical feature on which the diagnosis of Kwashiorkor is based?
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Which of the following changes are NOT commonly observed in children with Kwashiorkor?
Which of the following changes are NOT commonly observed in children with Kwashiorkor?
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What notable skin condition is associated with Kwashiorkor?
What notable skin condition is associated with Kwashiorkor?
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What is a primary skin change associated with nutritional deficiencies?
What is a primary skin change associated with nutritional deficiencies?
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What is a significant factor contributing to the mental changes in children suffering from Kwashiorkor?
What is a significant factor contributing to the mental changes in children suffering from Kwashiorkor?
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Which gastrointestinal manifestation is commonly observed?
Which gastrointestinal manifestation is commonly observed?
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Which electrolyte abnormality is a cause of edema in Kwashiorkor?
Which electrolyte abnormality is a cause of edema in Kwashiorkor?
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Which mineral deficiency is associated with anemia?
Which mineral deficiency is associated with anemia?
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What does the presence of the 'flag sign' in hair indicate in Kwashiorkor?
What does the presence of the 'flag sign' in hair indicate in Kwashiorkor?
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What condition is characterized by gross wasting of muscles?
What condition is characterized by gross wasting of muscles?
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Which of the following is NOT a variable feature of Kwashiorkor?
Which of the following is NOT a variable feature of Kwashiorkor?
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What is indicated by the term 'scaphoid abdomen'?
What is indicated by the term 'scaphoid abdomen'?
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In Kwashiorkor, how is the subcutaneous fat typically affected?
In Kwashiorkor, how is the subcutaneous fat typically affected?
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What is a common skin manifestation of malnutrition?
What is a common skin manifestation of malnutrition?
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Which vitamin deficiency is associated with keratomalacia?
Which vitamin deficiency is associated with keratomalacia?
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What is a common complication of protein-energy undernutrition?
What is a common complication of protein-energy undernutrition?
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Study Notes
Nutritional Needs of Children
- Breastfeeding provides all necessary nutrients in the right quantities for infants.
- Breastfeeding is the most suitable feeding method for infants, providing them with protective substances, easy digestion, and availability at the right temperature.
- Breastfeeding promotes a hygienic and cost-effective feeding method, enabling bonding between the mother and child.
- Breastfeeding helps reduce infant mortality, SIDS, necrotizing enterocolitis, ER visits, ear infections, diarrheal illnesses, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 and 2 diabetes, leukemia, and lymphoma.
- Breast milk volume increases rapidly in the first 2-3 days after birth and then more slowly, reaching an average of 750-800 ml/day.
- The normal range of breast milk intake for exclusively breastfed infants is wide, between 550-1200 ml/day.
- Prolactin and oxytocin play a role in milk production and ejection.
- Colostrum: The first milk produced, rich in protein, sodium, zinc, vitamin A, immunoglobulins, and growth factors.
- Transitional milk: Produced between 3-5 days to 2-3 weeks after birth.
- Mature milk: Established within 2-3 weeks after birth.
- Signs of adequate breastfeeding: 6-8 wet diapers, 4+ bowel movements, audible swallowing, infant satisfaction, and weight gain after birth.
Formula Feeding
- Formula feeding is an alternative to breast milk when breastfeeding is not possible.
- Formula types include:
- Cow milk-based.
- Soy-based.
- Goat milk-based.
- Formula preparation:
- Cow or buffalo milk should be boiled properly.
- Commercially available powdered formula is reconstituted by mixing one level measure with 30 ml of water.
- Formula forms:
- Ready-to-use.
- Liquid concentrate.
- Powdered.
- Medicinal formula:
- Soy-based for lactose intolerance.
- Anti-reflux for gastroesophageal reflux.
- Lactose-free for lactose intolerance and galactosemia.
- Premature and LBW for low birth weight and premature infants.
- Phenylalanine-free for phenylketonuria.
- Amino acid-based for cow milk allergy.
Weaning
- Gradual introduction of solid foods marks the beginning of weaning.
- Weaning does not mean the complete cessation of breastfeeding; it is a gradual withdrawal of milk alongside the introduction of a wide range of non-milk foods.
Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
- Defined as an imbalance between the supply of protein and energy and the body's demand for them.
- Includes:
- Overnutrition.
- Undernutrition.
- Two basic types:
- Protein-Energy Undernutrition (PEU): Lack of calories and protein.
- Micronutrient deficiency: Lack of vitamins and minerals.
- Mortality: Undernutrition is responsible for 35% of deaths under 5 years.
- Etiology:
- Primary: Poverty and ignorance, interaction of nutrition and infections.
- Secondary: Result from other diseases, infections, lack of breastfeeding, inadequate child spacing, dietary practices, and cultural taboos.
Classifications of PEU
- Wellcome Classification: Based on body weight deficit and edema.
Kwashiorkor
- Onset is acute, within 1-2 weeks.
- Features:
- Growth retardation.
- Edema: Pitting, bilateral, starts in hands and feet, spreading to legs and eyelids, no ascites.
- Muscle wasting with some retained subcutaneous fat.
- Mental changes: Apathy, inactivity, misery, anorexia, radar gaze.
- Variable features:
- Ectodermal changes: Hair (lightening, flag sign, dryness, brittleness, sparseness), skin (flaky paint dermatosis, fissuring, ulceration).
- Gastrointestinal manifestations: Hepatomegaly, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distension.
- Anemia.
- Vitamin and mineral deficiencies:
- Vitamin A: Keratomalacia.
- Vitamin B2: Angular stomatitis, glossitis.
- Vitamin D: Atrophic rickets.
- Vitamin C: Scurvy.
- Nicotinic acid: Pellagra.
- Copper: Anemia, hair and mental changes.
- Zinc: Hair, mental and skin changes.
- Associated infections: Respiratory tract, GIT, skin and mouth, urinary tract infections.
Marasmus
- Onset is gradual between 6 months to 3 years.
- Features:
- Growth retardation.
- Loss of subcutaneous fat: Classified by degree (abdomen, limbs, face).
- Decreased muscle bulk.
- Skin manifestation: Loss of elasticity, folds.
- Abdomen: Scaphoid, visible peristalsis.
- Irritability due to hunger pain.
- Hypothermia.
- GI manifestations: Constipation, starvation stools, diarrhea.
- CVS: Weak and slow pulse (unless with dehydration).
- Respiratory system: Shallow breathing, chest infections.
- Vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
- Infections.
Complications of PEU
- Dehydration, acid-base disturbance, shock.
- Hypothermia.
- Bleeding tendencies, purpura.
- Heart failure.
- Renal failure.
- Metabolic complications:
- Hypoglycemia.
- Hypocalcemia.
- Hyponatremia.
- Hypokalemia.
- Hypomagnesemia.
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Description
Explore the essential nutritional benefits of breastfeeding for infants. This quiz covers the importance of breast milk, its composition, and its effects on infant health. Test your knowledge on breastfeeding's role in promoting hygiene and reducing health risks for children.
