Nutrition During Lactation (Part 2)
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Questions and Answers

What vitamin supplements are specifically recommended for exclusively breastfed infants?

  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin D (correct)
  • Vitamin C

    • How much extra energy do breastfeeding mothers need per day?

  • 350 kcal
  • 500 kcal (correct)
  • 600 kcal
  • 400 kcal

    • What is the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates for breastfeeding mothers?

  • 160 – 210 gram/day (correct)
  • 260 – 300 gram/day
  • 220 – 250 gram/day
  • 100 – 130 gram/day

    • What is the primary purpose of increasing fat intake during lactation for mothers?

    <p>To provide energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acids should comprise 5 to 7% of total calorie intake for breastfeeding mothers?

    <p>Polyunsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended solution for painful nipples or engorgement during breastfeeding?

    <p>Applying warm compresses and massaging the breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can contribute to low milk supply during breastfeeding?

    <p>Supplementing with formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a mother do if she has inverted or flat nipples?

    <p>Use nipple shields temporarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a mother overcome feelings of lack of confidence in breastfeeding?

    <p>Seek support from lactation consultants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential effect of postpartum depression on breastfeeding?

    <p>Decreases the likelihood to initiate breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can help improve milk supply if it is low?

    <p>Using breast compression during feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frequent breastfeeding or pumping is suggested for which barrier to breastfeeding?

    <p>Low milk supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important step for mothers experiencing anxiety related to breastfeeding?

    <p>Speak to a healthcare provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Exclusive Breastfeeding?

    <p>Feeding infants only human milk for the first 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign that an infant is hungry?

    <p>Turning away from the breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected feeding frequency for newborn infants?

    <p>10 to 12 feedings per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates potential breastfeeding malnutrition in an infant?

    <p>Lack of wet diapers after day 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is frequent nursing at night after one year a risk factor for tooth decay?

    <p>It can lead to the formation of dental caries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much weight loss is considered normal for a newborn in the first 5 days?

    <p>Up to 7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age should infants start seeing a dentist?

    <p>6 months after the first tooth erupts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of breastfeeding for the infant?

    <p>Lower likelihood of developing allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one physical benefit of breastfeeding for mothers?

    <p>Delay in monthly ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient in human milk promotes optimal development of the central nervous system?

    <p>Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does breastfeeding contribute to the protection against chronic diseases in infants?

    <p>By supplying antibodies unique to human milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological benefit does breastfeeding provide for mothers?

    <p>Enhanced self-confidence and bonding with infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common barrier to breastfeeding related to latch issues?

    <p>Nipple pain and low milk supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does breastfeeding affect the risk of childhood obesity?

    <p>Breastfed infants are typically leaner at one year of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a financial benefit of breastfeeding for fathers?

    <p>Cost savings compared to formula feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable effect of breastfeeding during a painful procedure like venipuncture in infants?

    <p>Acts as an analgesic to reduce infant pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of human milk helps reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome?

    <p>Easily digestible nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended solution for overcoming latch issues during breastfeeding?

    <p>Guide from a lactation consultant or support group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nutrition During Lactation (Part 2)

    • General Outcomes:

    • Summarize the benefits of breastfeeding

    • Understand the factors affecting breastfeeding

    • Specific Outcomes:

    • Describe the benefits of breastfeeding for mother and infant

    • Describe barriers to breastfeeding and ways to overcome them

    What is Exclusive Breastfeeding?

    • Exclusive breastfeeding involves only human milk consumption for the first six months of life, aside from oral rehydration solutions and medicines/drops/syrups of vitamins and minerals.

    Signs of Infant Hunger

    • Early Cues (baby says "I'm hungry"):

    • Stirring

    • Mouth opening

    • Turning head

    • Seeking/rooting

    • Mid Cues (baby says "I'm really hungry"):

    • Stretching

    • Increasing physical movement

    • Hand-to-mouth

    • Late Cues ("Calm me, then feed me"):

    • Crying

    • Agitated body movements

    • Colour turning red

    Time to Calm a Crying Baby

    • Cuddling
    • Skin-to-skin on chest
    • Talking
    • Stroking

    Signs of Infant Satiety

    • Turns away from the breast
    • Gets hiccups
    • Relaxes hands
    • Lets out wet burps
    • Slows down sucking
    • Baby's body feels at ease

    Feeding Frequency

    • Stomach emptying takes about 1.5 hours for breastfed infants.
    • 10-12 feedings per day are normal for newborns.
    • Infants who did not feed overnight tend to consume more during other feedings.
    • Milk intake and weight gain of infants who feed frequently are similar to infants who feed every 24 hours within the first 4 months.

    Identifying Breastfeeding Malnutrition

    • A normal newborn can lose up to 7% of their weight in the first 5 days.
    • After 5 days, no further weight loss is expected.
    • Malnourished infants become sleepy, unresponsive, cry weakly and have few wet diapers.
    • By days 5-7, infants should have 6 wet diapers (pee) and 3-4 soiled diapers (poop).

    Tooth Decay

    • Human milk has infection-fighting components that inhibit dental caries formation.
    • Tooth decay can occur in breastfed children, often if breastfeeding continues at night beyond their first year.
    • See a dentist 6 months after the first tooth erupts or by 12 months of age.

    Vitamin Supplements for Breastfeeding Infants

    • All Malaysian infants receive vitamin K injections at birth.
    • Exclusively breastfed infants need vitamin D supplements by 2 months of age.
    • There are no recommendations for fluoride or iron supplements.

    Newborn's Stomach Size

    • Day 1: Size of a cherry (5-7ml, 1-1.4 teaspoons)
    • Day 3: Size of a walnut (22-27ml, 0.75-1 oz)
    • One Week: Size of an apricot (45-60ml, 1.5-2 oz)
    • One Month: Size of a large egg (80-150ml, 2.5-5 oz)

    Maternal Energy Needs During Lactation

    • Maternal energy needs increase by 25-30% during lactation.
    • Breastfeeding mothers need an extra 500 kcal per day (according to Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Malaysia, 2017).
    • Postpartum weight loss is highest in the first 3 months, especially in women who exclusively breastfeed.

    Maternal Nutrients Needs During Lactation

    • Carbohydrate: 160-210 grams per day to maintain adequate milk production and prevent ketosis.
    • Protein: 1st 6 months = 19 g/day, 2nd 6 months = 13 g/day.
    • Fat: 66-79 grams per day (first 6 months), crucial building material for membranes and energy.

    Maternal Nutrients Needs During Lactation (PUFA & MUFA)

    • PUFA (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids): 5-7% of total calorie intake, essential for retinal growth and the development of the central nervous system for infants
    • MUFA (Monounsaturated Fatty Acids): 12-15% of total calorie intake, essential for cardiovascular health

    Benefits of Breastfeeding

    • Benefits for Mothers:

    • Hormonal: Increased oxytocin to stimulate uterus returning to pre-pregnancy status, longer intervals between pregnancies

    • Physical: Delay in monthly ovulation, minimizes maternal postpartum blood loss

    • Psychological: Increased self-confidence & bonding with infant

    • Benefits for Infants:

    • Balance: nutrients in human milk match infant growth and development requirements.

    • Isosmotic: Human milk is naturally isosmotic, meeting infant needs without overloading kidneys with nitrogen.

    • Low protein: Easily digestible, meeting infant's immature kidney needs.

    • DHA: Contains docosahexaenoic acid, promotes optimal brain and visual development

    • Protection: Offers protection against infections.

    • Reduced illness: Reduces gastrointestinal and other illnesses

    • Reduced risk of chronic diseases: Reduced risk of asthma, allergies, and diseases such as diabetes and leukemia.

    • Easy digestion: Easily digested

    • Benefits for Infants (continued):

    • Leaner: Breastfed infants tend to be leaner than formula-fed infants at the first year of age.

    • Cognitive ability: Increases cognitive ability

    • Analgesic: Breastfeeding seems to work as an analgesic

    • Higher IQ: Infants breastfed for six months may have higher IQ

    • Reduced pain during procedures: Breastfeeding during procedures such as venipuncture may reduce pain.

    • Benefits for Fathers:

    • Save cost

    • Enhancement of baby-father bonding

    Barriers to Breastfeeding & Ways to Overcome Them

    • Barrier 1: Latch Issues:

    • Problem: A poor latch can cause nipple pain, low milk supply, & difficulties breastfeeding

    • Solution: Seek guidance from a lactation consultant or support group to ensure proper latch technique; try different breastfeeding positions.

    • Barrier 2: Painful Nipples/Engorgement:

    • Problem: Swollen, painful breasts due to overproduction of milk that can make latching difficult.

    • Solution: Use lanolin or other nipple creams; frequent breastfeeding or pumping; warm compresses; breast massage.

    • Barrier 3: Low Milk Supply:

    • Problem: Mother not breastfeeding enough, supplementing with formula milk, feeling anxious, or insufficient nutrition.

    • Solution: Ensure frequent breastfeeding or pumping; hydration; balanced diet; consult a lactation consultant to address low milk supply, evaluate and possibly recommend breast compression or herbal supplements

    • Barrier 4: Inverted/flat nipples:

    • Problem: Difficulty breastfeeding due to inverted/flat nipples.

    • Solution: Use nipple shields temporarily; practice using a breast pump to help draw out the nipple. Lactation consultant can provide specific techniques

    • Barrier 5: Lack of Confidence:

    • Problem: Some mothers feel uncertain about their breastfeeding ability, or that their milk production isn't enough.

    • Solution: Seek support from other experienced mothers, lactation consultants, or peer support groups

    • Barrier 6: Postpartum Depression/Anxiety:

    • Problem: Postpartum depression or anxiety can negatively impact the mother's ability to breastfeed.

    • Solution: Speak to a healthcare provider, find support, or seek medication and/or counseling if needed.

    • Barrier 7: Inconvenience:

    • Problem: Difficulty breastfeeding due to a lack of access to facilities for pumping after returning to work.

    • Solution: Develop a routine, organize pumped milk, or create a comfortable space for breastfeeding.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the nutritional needs during lactation, focusing on the benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and infant. It covers factors affecting breastfeeding, signs of infant hunger, and strategies to calm a crying baby. Understand barriers to breastfeeding and how to overcome them effectively.

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