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What is the source of energy needed for all human processes?
What is the source of energy needed for all human processes?
Nutrient
What are the four main components of food that contain nutrients?
What are the four main components of food that contain nutrients?
What are the two categories of nutrients?
What are the two categories of nutrients?
A balanced diet is important for good health.
A balanced diet is important for good health.
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What is nutritional inadequacy?
What is nutritional inadequacy?
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What is nutritional deficiency?
What is nutritional deficiency?
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What are some examples of diseases that nutritional deficiency can lead to?
What are some examples of diseases that nutritional deficiency can lead to?
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Which of the following are environmental factors that can contribute to malnutrition?
Which of the following are environmental factors that can contribute to malnutrition?
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What are some examples of nutritional biomarkers?
What are some examples of nutritional biomarkers?
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What are some examples of conditions that can be caused by macronutrient deficiency?
What are some examples of conditions that can be caused by macronutrient deficiency?
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Preventing micronutrient deficiency is crucial and can be achieved through food-based approaches and supplementation.
Preventing micronutrient deficiency is crucial and can be achieved through food-based approaches and supplementation.
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What is the focus of UNICEF's nutrition strategies 2020-2030?
What is the focus of UNICEF's nutrition strategies 2020-2030?
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The 2020 conceptual framework for maternal and child nutrition builds on UNICEF's 1990 conceptual work.
The 2020 conceptual framework for maternal and child nutrition builds on UNICEF's 1990 conceptual work.
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What are the three burdens of malnutrition that UNICEF's framework addresses?
What are the three burdens of malnutrition that UNICEF's framework addresses?
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UNICEF Nepal reported that 32% of children under 5 years of age are stunted.
UNICEF Nepal reported that 32% of children under 5 years of age are stunted.
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12% of children under 5 years of age in Nepal are wasted.
12% of children under 5 years of age in Nepal are wasted.
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Only 40% of children aged 6 to 23 months in Nepal receive diversified diets.
Only 40% of children aged 6 to 23 months in Nepal receive diversified diets.
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53% of children under 5 years of age and 69% of children aged 6 to 23 months in Nepal suffer from anemia.
53% of children under 5 years of age and 69% of children aged 6 to 23 months in Nepal suffer from anemia.
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44% of adolescent girls, 46% of pregnant women, and 41% of women of reproductive age in Nepal suffer from anemia.
44% of adolescent girls, 46% of pregnant women, and 41% of women of reproductive age in Nepal suffer from anemia.
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A typical diet in Nepal is high in protein and other micronutrients.
A typical diet in Nepal is high in protein and other micronutrients.
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Which of the following are commonly found in foods with carbohydrates?
Which of the following are commonly found in foods with carbohydrates?
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Carbohydrate deficiency occurs when the body does not receive enough carbohydrates to meet its requirements.
Carbohydrate deficiency occurs when the body does not receive enough carbohydrates to meet its requirements.
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What is the name of the condition that occurs when the carbohydrates are insufficient to meet the body's requirements?
What is the name of the condition that occurs when the carbohydrates are insufficient to meet the body's requirements?
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What is hypoglycemia?
What is hypoglycemia?
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Carbohydrates are essential for brain function.
Carbohydrates are essential for brain function.
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of carbohydrate deficiency?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of carbohydrate deficiency?
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Fiber is essential for digestive health.
Fiber is essential for digestive health.
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Excessive carbohydrate restriction can lead to unhealthy and unintended weight loss.
Excessive carbohydrate restriction can lead to unhealthy and unintended weight loss.
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What is the recommended daily calorie intake from carbohydrates?
What is the recommended daily calorie intake from carbohydrates?
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The body converts all carbohydrates into glucose.
The body converts all carbohydrates into glucose.
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What is the name of the condition when the body does not have enough carbohydrates to produce energy?
What is the name of the condition when the body does not have enough carbohydrates to produce energy?
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Mild ketosis can cause nausea, headache, and smelly breath.
Mild ketosis can cause nausea, headache, and smelly breath.
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The recommended daily intake of carbohydrates is 130 grams.
The recommended daily intake of carbohydrates is 130 grams.
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Simple carbohydrates are quickly utilized by the body for energy.
Simple carbohydrates are quickly utilized by the body for energy.
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Complex carbohydrates are digested more slowly than simple carbohydrates.
Complex carbohydrates are digested more slowly than simple carbohydrates.
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Foods with a high glycemic index cause a rapid rise in blood sugar.
Foods with a high glycemic index cause a rapid rise in blood sugar.
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Foods with a low glycemic index are digested more slowly, causing a gradual rise in blood sugar.
Foods with a low glycemic index are digested more slowly, causing a gradual rise in blood sugar.
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Eating too much hypoglycemic food can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Eating too much hypoglycemic food can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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A low glycemic index diet may help control type 2 diabetes and improve weight loss.
A low glycemic index diet may help control type 2 diabetes and improve weight loss.
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Refined grains have a higher glycemic index than whole grains.
Refined grains have a higher glycemic index than whole grains.
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Finely ground grains are digested more slowly than coarsely ground grains.
Finely ground grains are digested more slowly than coarsely ground grains.
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Ripe fruits and vegetables have a lower glycemic index than unripe fruits.
Ripe fruits and vegetables have a lower glycemic index than unripe fruits.
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Foods with higher fat or acid content are converted more slowly into sugar.
Foods with higher fat or acid content are converted more slowly into sugar.
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A glycemic load of 20 or more is considered low, 11 to 19 is medium, and 10 or under is high.
A glycemic load of 20 or more is considered low, 11 to 19 is medium, and 10 or under is high.
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A low glycemic load diet is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes.
A low glycemic load diet is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Which of the following is NOT a food source with a low glycemic load?
Which of the following is NOT a food source with a low glycemic load?
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Which of the following is NOT a food source with a medium glycemic load?
Which of the following is NOT a food source with a medium glycemic load?
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Hypoproteinemia means someone is not getting enough protein to meet their body's needs or requirements.
Hypoproteinemia means someone is not getting enough protein to meet their body's needs or requirements.
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Protein deficiency is a serious concern in our country, especially in children.
Protein deficiency is a serious concern in our country, especially in children.
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Protein deficiency can lead to malnutrition.
Protein deficiency can lead to malnutrition.
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What are two examples of malnutrition conditions caused by protein deficiency?
What are two examples of malnutrition conditions caused by protein deficiency?
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Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a term used to describe clinical disorders resulting from varying degrees of protein and energy deficiency.
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a term used to describe clinical disorders resulting from varying degrees of protein and energy deficiency.
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Which of the following is NOT a condition that can contribute to protein deficiency?
Which of the following is NOT a condition that can contribute to protein deficiency?
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Very low protein intake can lead to weak muscle tone, edema, thin brittle hair, skin lesions, and in adults loss of muscle mass.
Very low protein intake can lead to weak muscle tone, edema, thin brittle hair, skin lesions, and in adults loss of muscle mass.
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of protein deficiency in children?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of protein deficiency in children?
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More than 90% of children affected by Kwashiorkor had diets deficient in protein when it was first described in 1935.
More than 90% of children affected by Kwashiorkor had diets deficient in protein when it was first described in 1935.
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The name Kwashiorkor comes from the language in Ghana and means "rejected one."
The name Kwashiorkor comes from the language in Ghana and means "rejected one."
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Kwashiorkor is characterized by swelling in the feet and abdomen, poor skin health, growth retardation, low muscle mass, and liver malfunction.
Kwashiorkor is characterized by swelling in the feet and abdomen, poor skin health, growth retardation, low muscle mass, and liver malfunction.
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Protein is essential for fluid balance in the body.
Protein is essential for fluid balance in the body.
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A diet extremely low in protein does not provide enough amino acids for albumin.
A diet extremely low in protein does not provide enough amino acids for albumin.
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The primary symptoms of Kwashiorkor include only swelling.
The primary symptoms of Kwashiorkor include only swelling.
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Kwashiorkor is caused by severe dietary protein deficiency.
Kwashiorkor is caused by severe dietary protein deficiency.
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of Kwashiorkor?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of Kwashiorkor?
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What is Marasmus?
What is Marasmus?
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Marasmus causes visible wasting of fat and muscles under the skin.
Marasmus causes visible wasting of fat and muscles under the skin.
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Marasmus primarily affects children, especially infants.
Marasmus primarily affects children, especially infants.
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Marasmus can affect adults who live alone and find it difficult to prepare food and care for themselves.
Marasmus can affect adults who live alone and find it difficult to prepare food and care for themselves.
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Marasmus can affect older adults who have not eaten healthfully over some months or years.
Marasmus can affect older adults who have not eaten healthfully over some months or years.
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When the body is deprived of energy from food, it begins to feed on its tissue, first adipose tissues, body fat, and then muscles.
When the body is deprived of energy from food, it begins to feed on its tissue, first adipose tissues, body fat, and then muscles.
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Marasmus can lead to cardiac activities slowing down, causing low heart rate, low blood pressure, and low body temperature.
Marasmus can lead to cardiac activities slowing down, causing low heart rate, low blood pressure, and low body temperature.
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Marasmus can lead to heart failure.
Marasmus can lead to heart failure.
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Marasmus can compromise the immune system, making it more vulnerable to infection and illness.
Marasmus can compromise the immune system, making it more vulnerable to infection and illness.
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Children with chronic Marasmus will not have the physical resources to grow and develop as they should.
Children with chronic Marasmus will not have the physical resources to grow and develop as they should.
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Children with chronic Marasmus may be stunted in size and have developmental delays or intellectual disabilities.
Children with chronic Marasmus may be stunted in size and have developmental delays or intellectual disabilities.
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These effects can be lasting even in children who receive treatment.
These effects can be lasting even in children who receive treatment.
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Parts of the digestive system also begin to weaken from the lack of use due to Marasmus.
Parts of the digestive system also begin to weaken from the lack of use due to Marasmus.
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The main causes of malnutrition include poverty and food scarcity, wasting diseases such as AIDS, infections that cause chronic diarrhea, and anorexia.
The main causes of malnutrition include poverty and food scarcity, wasting diseases such as AIDS, infections that cause chronic diarrhea, and anorexia.
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of malnutrition in children?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of malnutrition in children?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of malnutrition in elders?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of malnutrition in elders?
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A visible wasting of fat and muscle is a sign of Marasmus.
A visible wasting of fat and muscle is a sign of Marasmus.
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Prominent skeleton is a sign of Marasmus.
Prominent skeleton is a sign of Marasmus.
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Dry loose skin is a sign of Marasmus.
Dry loose skin is a sign of Marasmus.
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Dry brittle hair or hair loss is a sign of Marasmus.
Dry brittle hair or hair loss is a sign of Marasmus.
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Lethargy and weakness are signs of Marasmus.
Lethargy and weakness are signs of Marasmus.
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A weight loss of more than 40% is a sign of Marasmus.
A weight loss of more than 40% is a sign of Marasmus.
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A BMI (body mass index) below 16% is a sign of Marasmus.
A BMI (body mass index) below 16% is a sign of Marasmus.
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Which of the following is NOT a complication of Marasmus?
Which of the following is NOT a complication of Marasmus?
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A slow heart rate is a complication of Marasmus.
A slow heart rate is a complication of Marasmus.
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Low body temperature is a complication of Marasmus.
Low body temperature is a complication of Marasmus.
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Gastrointestinal malabsorption is a complication of Marasmus.
Gastrointestinal malabsorption is a complication of Marasmus.
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Stunted growth is a complication of Marasmus.
Stunted growth is a complication of Marasmus.
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Developmental delays are a complication of Marasmus.
Developmental delays are a complication of Marasmus.
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Marasmic Kwashiorkor is the third form of protein energy malnutrition.
Marasmic Kwashiorkor is the third form of protein energy malnutrition.
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A child suffering from Marasmic Kwashiorkor weighs less than 60% of the expected weight for his age and has edema.
A child suffering from Marasmic Kwashiorkor weighs less than 60% of the expected weight for his age and has edema.
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Features of both Marasmus and Kwashiorkor are present in different degrees of severity in Marasmic Kwashiorkor.
Features of both Marasmus and Kwashiorkor are present in different degrees of severity in Marasmic Kwashiorkor.
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Children weighing less than 60% despite having edema are in great danger of dying from various complications.
Children weighing less than 60% despite having edema are in great danger of dying from various complications.
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Children with Marasmic Kwashiorkor need urgent attention and treatment.
Children with Marasmic Kwashiorkor need urgent attention and treatment.
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People in treatment for Marasmus are at risk of refeeding syndrome, a life-threatening complication that can result when the undernourished body tries to reboot too fast.
People in treatment for Marasmus are at risk of refeeding syndrome, a life-threatening complication that can result when the undernourished body tries to reboot too fast.
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Study Notes
Nutritional Deficiency
- Nutrients are the source of energy for bodily processes. A balanced diet includes vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
- Nutritional inadequacy is when nutrient intake is lower than the recommended amounts. Nutritional deficiency is when a person has reduced levels of one or more nutrients, affecting bodily function and increasing risk of various diseases like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.
- Malnutrition can be caused by environmental factors (food scarcity), diseases (impaired digestion, swallowing issues, chronic conditions), and persistent vomiting.
- Biomarkers (serum/plasma levels of nutrients like folate, Vitamin C, B, D Selenium, copper, and zinc) can evaluate nutrient intake.
- Macro-nutrient deficiencies can cause conditions like kwashiorkor, marasmus, and ketosis and affect growth, wound healing, and increase infection susceptibility. Micro-nutrient deficiencies (e.g., Iron, Folate, zinc, iodine, and vitamins) impact growth, prenatal and intellectual function, and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality.
- Preventing malnutrition involves food-based approaches and supplementation.
Preventing Macro and Micro Nutrient Deficiency
- UNICEF nutrition strategies (2020-2030) emphasize the determinants of maternal and child nutrition, including adequate diet for both.
- A 2019 UNICEF Nepal report highlighted that 32% of children under 5 are stunted, 12% wasted, and only 40% of children aged 6 to 23 months receive varied diets, with 30% getting a minimum acceptable diet, and 53% of children under 5 and 69% aged 6-23 with anemia.
- 44% of adolescent girls, 46% of pregnant women, and 41% of reproductive-aged women in Nepal suffer from anemia.
Carbohydrate Deficiency
- Carbohydrates are a crucial macronutrient for energy and bodily function. They are found in cereals, grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.
- Carbohydrate deficiency can lead to hypoglycemia, fatigue, weakness, headaches, brain fog, and possible seizures or paralysis, due to insufficient glucose supply to the brain.
Fat Deficiency
- Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are essential for bodily functions.
- Fat deficiency can result in scaly/dry skin, hormonal imbalances, difficulty losing weight, constant cold, and increased hunger. It also negatively impacts mental health.
Protein Deficiency
- Protein deficiency (hypoproteinemia) negatively impacts the body's needs and requirements.
- Conditions like anorexia nervosa, certain genetic conditions, digestive problems (IBS, gastric bypass), and cancer can cause protein deficiency.
- Symptoms include weak muscle tone, edema, swallowing problems, thin/brittle hair, skin lesions, and loss of muscle mass in adults. Specific conditions like kwashiorkor, which was observed to be very common in children with diets lacking enough protein.
Other Nutrient Deficiencies
- Vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, skin problems (dry/rough skin), growth retardation, maternal and infant mortality, and impairments in reproductive health/bone development/cognitive functions.
- Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets (bone deformation), osteomalacia (softening of bones), and potential tetany.
- Iron deficiency often results in anemia, impacting oxygen transport, and can cause weakness, fatigue, and decreased mental/physical development, particularly in growing children.
- Iodine deficiency results in goiter.
- Zinc deficiency causes decreased appetite, loss of taste, mental lethargy, and delayed wound healing; it can affect growth and development as well.
- Pellagra (3Ds: Dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia) is caused by niacin deficiency.
- Folate deficiency can manifest as megaloblastic anemia, tropical sprue-like symptoms, and neurological disorders.
Preventing and Treating Nutritional Deficiencies
- Implementing balanced diets, including portions of various healthy foods; avoiding trans fats; taking supplements (as directed); and consulting medical professionals to monitor health status are essential.
- Education is crucial, including providing knowledge about balanced diets , hygiene, and proper food safety, especially to mothers and caregivers. Providing access to proper support, resources, and medical attention is critical for individuals who are undernourished.
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Description
Test your knowledge on nutritional deficiencies, their causes, and impacts on health. This quiz covers essential nutrients, the effects of malnutrition, and how biomarkers are used to assess nutrient intake. Learn about macro and micro-nutrient deficiencies and their consequences.
