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Questions and Answers
Biochemical assessment is used to detect overt deficiency states.
Biochemical assessment is used to detect overt deficiency states.
False
Biochemical tests measure nutrients and their by-products.
Biochemical tests measure nutrients and their by-products.
True
Functional tests measure the production of abnormal metabolites.
Functional tests measure the production of abnormal metabolites.
True
Biochemical assessment is a subjective method of evaluation.
Biochemical assessment is a subjective method of evaluation.
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Biochemical assessment can detect overt nutrient deficiency.
Biochemical assessment can detect overt nutrient deficiency.
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Biochemical assessment is the only method that can detect nutrient deficiency on its own.
Biochemical assessment is the only method that can detect nutrient deficiency on its own.
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Functional tests measure cognitive functions dependent on iron.
Functional tests measure cognitive functions dependent on iron.
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Biochemical assessment measures the extent of functional consequences of nutrient deficiency.
Biochemical assessment measures the extent of functional consequences of nutrient deficiency.
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Biochemical assessment of nutrient status is not affected by technical and biological factors
Biochemical assessment of nutrient status is not affected by technical and biological factors
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Serum is the fluid from blood after removing the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Serum is the fluid from blood after removing the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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Blood is not sensitive to recent dietary intake
Blood is not sensitive to recent dietary intake
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Erythrocytes reflect both acute and chronic status of nutrient intake
Erythrocytes reflect both acute and chronic status of nutrient intake
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Leukocytes are less sensitive than erythrocytes in reflecting nutrient status
Leukocytes are less sensitive than erythrocytes in reflecting nutrient status
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Biochemical assessment can be used to validate data obtained from dietary methods
Biochemical assessment can be used to validate data obtained from dietary methods
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Organ function and disease states do not affect biochemical assessment of nutrient status
Organ function and disease states do not affect biochemical assessment of nutrient status
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Plasma is the fluid from blood after blood cells are removed
Plasma is the fluid from blood after blood cells are removed
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Kwashiorkor is a type of Protein-Energy Malnutrition where both proteins and calories are deficient.
Kwashiorkor is a type of Protein-Energy Malnutrition where both proteins and calories are deficient.
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Marasmus is a maladaptive response to starvation.
Marasmus is a maladaptive response to starvation.
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In marasmus, the body utilizes muscles before using fat stores.
In marasmus, the body utilizes muscles before using fat stores.
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Edema is a symptom of marasmus.
Edema is a symptom of marasmus.
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Acute-phase proteins decrease by 25% during an acute phase response.
Acute-phase proteins decrease by 25% during an acute phase response.
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Albumin is a positive acute-phase respondent.
Albumin is a positive acute-phase respondent.
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Transferrin is not affected by an acute phase response.
Transferrin is not affected by an acute phase response.
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The half-life of a protein is the time it takes for the protein to be completely eliminated from the body.
The half-life of a protein is the time it takes for the protein to be completely eliminated from the body.
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The basic metabolic panel (BMP) requires the patient to fast for 8 hours before testing.
The basic metabolic panel (BMP) requires the patient to fast for 8 hours before testing.
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A complete blood count (CBC) includes a measurement of white blood cell count (WBC).
A complete blood count (CBC) includes a measurement of white blood cell count (WBC).
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C-reactive protein is a negative acute-phase reactant.
C-reactive protein is a negative acute-phase reactant.
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The comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) includes only the tests in the basic metabolic panel (BMP).
The comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) includes only the tests in the basic metabolic panel (BMP).
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A blood sample is required for a complete blood count (CBC).
A blood sample is required for a complete blood count (CBC).
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Skeletal muscle is an example of visceral protein.
Skeletal muscle is an example of visceral protein.
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The basic metabolic panel (BMP) is also known as Chem 20.
The basic metabolic panel (BMP) is also known as Chem 20.
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Hepatic transport proteins are used to assess hormonal response to stress.
Hepatic transport proteins are used to assess hormonal response to stress.
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A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) includes a measurement of glucose.
A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) includes a measurement of glucose.
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Immunocompetence is assessed through the measurement of C-reactive protein.
Immunocompetence is assessed through the measurement of C-reactive protein.
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Fibrinogen is a negative acute-phase reactant.
Fibrinogen is a negative acute-phase reactant.
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Storage tissues for blood include the liver, bone marrow, and adipose tissue.
Storage tissues for blood include the liver, bone marrow, and adipose tissue.
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The basic metabolic panel (BMP) and comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) are the only types of clinical chemistry panels.
The basic metabolic panel (BMP) and comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) are the only types of clinical chemistry panels.
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Biochemical tests provide a subjective assessment of protein-energy malnutrition.
Biochemical tests provide a subjective assessment of protein-energy malnutrition.
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Study Notes
Biochemical Assessment
- Used to detect subclinical deficiency states and supplement other assessment methods
- Two methods to identify subclinical deficiency:
- Biochemical tests: measuring nutrients and their metabolites
- Functional tests: measuring production of abnormal metabolite or change of enzyme activity dependent on a certain nutrient or physiological or behavioral functions dependent on a specific nutrient
Advantages of Biochemical Assessment
- Most objective and precise method among all other assessment methods
- Detects marginal subclinical deficiency before they result in overt signs
- Only method that can detect nutrient deficiency and supplement other methods of evaluation
- Measures the extent of functional consequences of a specific nutrient deficiency (functional vs biochemical)
- Useful to validate data obtained from dietary methods (e.g., comparing salt intake with 24-hour urinary excretion)
- Precise, accurate, and reproducible
Disadvantages of Biochemical Assessment
- Affected by technical and biological factors other than depleted body stores of the nutrient
- Limitation can be avoided by standardizing sampling and collection procedure
- May be altered due to organ function, disease states, hydration status, medications, and fasting or non-fasting
Specimen Types
- Blood (whole, serum, or plasma) reflects recent dietary intake (acute term index)
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells): reflects chronic status, unlikely to be a valid index for some nutrients
- Leukocytes (white blood cells): more sensitive than erythrocytes, but has technical difficulties
- Storage tissues: liver, bone marrow, adipose tissue, and bones
Clinical Chemistry Panels
- Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) or Chem 7: measures sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine
- Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) or Chem 20: includes calcium, albumin, total protein, liver function tests, and above-mentioned tests
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): includes red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell count, and differential
Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
- Kwashiorkor: visceral proteins are depleted with advanced stages due to inadequate intake of protein and/or hypermetabolic state
- Signs and symptoms: edema, muscle wasting, psychomotor changes, anemia, and growth retardation
- Marasmus: represents the end result of starvation where both proteins and calories are deficient
- Signs and symptoms: severe wasting of muscle and fats, growth retardation, child looks older than their age, no edema or hair changes, diarrhea, and dehydration
Acute-Phase Proteins
- Change by 25% during an acute-phase response
- Examples of negative acute-phase respondents: albumin, transthyretin or prealbumin, transferrin, retinol-binding protein (decrease)
- Examples of positive acute-phase reactants: C-reactive protein and fibrinogen (increase)
Assessment of PEM
- Biochemical tests provide the most objective and quantitative assessment for PEM
- Assessment includes:
- Hormonal and cell-mediated response to stress
- Nitrogen balance
- Hepatic transport proteins (albumin, transferrin, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, and creatinine)
- Immunocompetence (e.g., C-reactive protein)
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Description
This quiz covers biochemical assessment, a method used to detect subclinical deficiency states and supplement other assessment methods in nutrition.
