Nutrition and Food Processing: Biochemical Assessment
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of biochemical assessment in nutrition?

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of nutrient supplements
  • To diagnose overt nutrient deficiencies
  • To measure cognitive functions
  • To detect subclinical deficiency states (correct)

    • What are the two methods used to identify subclinical deficiency states?

  • Functional tests and physical examination
  • Biochemical tests and functional tests (correct)
  • Biochemical tests and anthropometric measurements
  • Biochemical tests and dietary recall

    • What is an advantage of biochemical assessment?

  • It is the least expensive method
  • It is the most objective and precise method (correct)
  • It is the easiest method to perform
  • It is the fastest method

    • What can biochemical assessment detect?

    <p>Marginal subclinical deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about biochemical assessment?

    <p>It is the only method that can detect nutrient deficiency on its own</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can functional tests measure?

    <p>The production of abnormal metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is biochemical assessment important?

    <p>It can measure the extent of functional consequences of nutrient deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a physiological function dependent on a specific nutrient?

    <p>Cognitive functions dependent on iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of biochemical assessment?

    <p>To validate data obtained from dietary methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of biochemical assessment?

    <p>It is affected by technical and biological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect biochemical assessment results?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood specimen reflects recent dietary intake?

    <p>Whole blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between serum and plasma?

    <p>Serum is the fluid without blood cells and clot, while plasma is the fluid with anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specimen type reflects chronic nutritional status?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of leukocytes as a specimen type?

    <p>More sensitive than erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is fasting sample collection important for blood specimens?

    <p>To minimize interference from recent dietary intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Kwashiorkor in terms of protein intake?

    <p>Inadequate intake of protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of Marasmus?

    <p>Severe wasting of muscle and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus in terms of response to starvation?

    <p>Kwashiorkor is a maladaptive response while Marasmus is an adaptive response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a child with Marasmus in terms of appearance?

    <p>Looks older than their age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to acute-phase proteins during an acute phase response?

    <p>They change by 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration when evaluating acute-phase proteins?

    <p>Half-life of the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a negative acute-phase respondent?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus in terms of edema?

    <p>Kwashiorkor has edema, while Marasmus has no edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are skeleton muscle and visceral protein?

    <p>Somatic protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing hormonal and cell-mediated response to stress in PEM?

    <p>To identify acute-phase reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is not a hepatic transport protein?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of C-reactive protein in PEM?

    <p>To evaluate immunocompetence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of positive acute-phase reactants?

    <p>They increase in response to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assessment is considered the most objective and quantitative for PEM?

    <p>Biochemical tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) and Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) tests?

    <p>Fasting for 10 to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the Complete Blood Count (CBC) test?

    <p>Red blood cells (RBC), Hemoglobin (Hgb), Hematocrit (Hct), and Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) and the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)?

    <p>The CMP includes liver function tests while the BMP does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of storage tissues in the body?

    <p>Storing nutrients and energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test?

    <p>To measure kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) that is not included in the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?

    <p>Calcium, albumin, and total protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a technical difficulty associated with a specific type of laboratory test?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Complete Blood Count (CBC) test?

    <p>To evaluate blood cell components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemical Assessment

    • Biochemical assessment is used to detect subclinical deficiency states and to supplement other assessment methods.
    • Subclinical deficiency can be identified by two methods: biochemical tests and functional tests.

    Advantages of Biochemical Assessment

    • The most objective and precise method among all other assessment methods.
    • Detects marginal subclinical deficiency before they result in overt signs.
    • The only method that can detect nutrient deficiency and supplement other methods of evaluation.
    • Measures the extent of functional consequences of a specific nutrient deficiency.
    • Useful to validate data obtained from dietary methods.
    • Precise, accurate, and reproducible.

    Disadvantages of Biochemical Assessment

    • Affected by technical and biological factors other than depleted body stores of the nutrient.
    • Limitations can be avoided by standardizing the sampling and collection procedure.
    • May be altered due to organ function, disease states, hydration status, medications, and fasting or non-fasting.

    Specimen Types

    • Blood (whole, serum, or plasma) tends to reflect recent dietary intake (acute-term index).
    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) reflect only chronic status and are unlikely to be a valid index for some nutrients.
    • Leukocytes (white blood cells) are more sensitive than erythrocytes but have technical difficulties.
    • Storage tissues (liver, bone marrow, adipose tissue, and bones) can be used as specimens.

    Clinical Chemistry Panels

    • Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) or Chem 7 includes sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine.
    • Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) or Chem 20 includes BMP tests plus calcium, albumin, total protein, and liver function tests.
    • Complete Blood Count (CBC) includes red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell count, and differential.

    Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

    • Kwashiorkor: visceral proteins are depleted due to inadequate intake of protein and/or hypermetabolic state.
    • Signs and symptoms: edema (moon face), muscle wasting, psychomotor changes, anemia, and growth retardation.
    • Marasmus: represents the end result of starvation where both proteins and calories are deficient.
    • Signs and symptoms: severe wasting of muscle and fats, growth retardation, looks older than age, no edema or hair changes, diarrhea, and dehydration.

    Acute-Phase Proteins

    • Change by 25% during an acute-phase response.
    • Positive or negative.
    • Important to consider half-life (t1/2) of protein when evaluating.

    Somatic and Visceral Proteins

    • Somatic proteins: skeletal muscle.
    • Visceral proteins: hepatic protein, organs, structural protein, and protein found in blood.

    Assessment of PEM

    • Biochemical tests provide the most objective and quantitative assessment for PEM.
    • Assessment includes hormonal and cell-mediated response to stress, negative and positive acute-phase respondents, nitrogen balance, hepatic transport proteins, and immunocompetence.

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    Description

    This quiz assesses your understanding of biochemical assessment in nutrition and food processing, including subclinical deficiency states and supplementation methods.

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