Nutrition: Proteins, Fats, and Minerals

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Questions and Answers

What role do proteins play in the body aside from cell structure?

They transport oxygen and function as enzymes. (correct)

They are used exclusively for muscle building.

They are only responsible for genetic material.

They solely provide energy.

Which of the following amino acids is classified as an essential amino acid?

Leucine (correct)

Alanine

Glutamic Acid

Serine

What is one function of fats in the body?

Absorb water-soluble vitamins.

Directly contribute to energy needs.

Replicate DNA.

Form a protective cushion around organs. (correct)

How many essential minerals are found in the human body?

25 Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is vital for metabolism and cannot be synthesized by the body?

Vitamin A Signup and view all the answers

What primarily makes fats a concentrated source of energy?

Their weight-to-energy ratio. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

To facilitate chemical reactions that require energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is classified as an essential fatty acid?

Linoleic Acid Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in metabolic reactions?

They act as catalysts to increase reaction efficiency. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes food?

Solid and liquid materials that supply energy and regulate processes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major nutrients required in larger quantities?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Signup and view all the answers

What does metabolism primarily involve?

Transforming food into tissue and producing energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Calorie in human nutrition?

A unit of energy derived from food. Signup and view all the answers

How many small calories equal one kilocalorie?

1,000 small calories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal source of chemical energy in human nutrition?

Oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Greek origin of the word metabolism?

Metabolismos, meaning to change or alter. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a large proportion of inactive adipose tissue on basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

It lowers BMR. Signup and view all the answers

How much can a decrease in the mass of active tissue, due to undernourishment, lower metabolism?

By approximately 50% Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of sleep on the metabolic rate?

It decreases metabolic rate by approximately 10%-15%. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are primarily responsible for regulating metabolic rate through the endocrine system?

Male and female sex hormones. Signup and view all the answers

According to Ador Dionisio's Method, what is the base weight for a 5-foot male?

110 lbs Signup and view all the answers

What is the calculation for desirable body weight (DBW) in the example of a male who is 45 years old and 5'4" tall?

136 lbs Signup and view all the answers

How much does body temperature elevation (fever) affect BMR?

Increases BMR by 7% for each degree rise. Signup and view all the answers

Which method specifies to deduct 100 from the height in cm before calculating desirable body weight?

Tannhauser's Method Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid requirement for a child weighing 15 kg using the Holliday-Segar method?

1250 mL Signup and view all the answers

Which situation may lead to water intoxication?

Increased water without sufficient sodium Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body water loss is considered serious for dehydration?

10% to 20% Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms may result from water intoxication in the brain?

Convulsion and coma Signup and view all the answers

When is the Holliday-Segar method not suitable for use?

For neonates under 14 days old Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in estimating the daily energy requirement of an adult?

Determine the DBW in kg of the individual. Signup and view all the answers

How many kilocalories per kilogram of DBW per hour are required for basal metabolism in males?

1.0 kcalorie Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total calories consumed does the specific dynamic action of food increase?

5% Signup and view all the answers

Which activity type has an estimated calorie expenditure of 110-160 calories?

Light Activities Signup and view all the answers

When calculating the total daily calorie requirement, what should be subtracted for hours of sleep?

0.1 kcalorie per kilo of DBW Signup and view all the answers

What caloric range is associated with heavy activities?

250-350 calories Signup and view all the answers

What would be the approximate daily calorie requirement for a female with a DBW of 60 kg?

1260 kcal Signup and view all the answers

What activity classification requires more than 240 calories per hour?

Heavy Activities Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Proteins

Proteins are essential for various bodily functions: cell structure, hemoglobin formation for oxygen transport, enzyme activity, DNA and RNA synthesis, and energy production.
The human body cannot synthesize 8 essential amino acids: lysine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, valine, and threonine.
Foods high in biological value include: eggs, milk, soybeans, meats, vegetables, and grains.

Fats

Fats are concentrated energy sources, providing twice the energy per weight compared to carbohydrates or proteins.
Functions of fats: cell structure formation, protective cushioning and insulation around vital organs, fat-soluble vitamin absorption, and energy storage.
Essential fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids including linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids, required for diet.
Saturated fats and cholesterol are linked to atherosclerosis and heart disease.

Minerals

Minerals do not contribute directly to energy but are crucial body regulators involved in metabolic pathways.
The human body contains more than 25 essential elements.
Important minerals include: calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, chloride ions, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, magnesium, fluorine, and iodine.

Vitamins

Vitamins are essential organic compounds that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through the diet.
Vitamins crucial to metabolism include: Vitamin A, B2 (riboflavin), niacin or nicotinic acid, and pantothenic acid.

Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways are series of chemical reactions that transform nutrients into other substances, facilitated by enzymes.
Enzymes are vital for metabolism, enabling efficient reactions by acting as catalysts.
Enzymes also regulate metabolic pathways in response to environmental changes or signals from other cells.

Physiologic Value of Food

Food comprises solid and liquid materials consumed for maintaining and building body tissues, regulating processes, and producing heat for sustaining life.
Food consists of organic (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins) and inorganic compounds (water and minerals).
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are essential nutrients required in larger quantities, while vitamins and minerals act as catalysts facilitating the utilization of major nutrients.

Metabolism

Metabolism is the chemical process of transforming food into complex tissue elements and breaking down complex body substances into simpler ones, alongside heat and energy production.
It encompasses all chemical processes in the body for sustaining life, representing the dynamic concept of change underlying life.
Energy refers to the chemical energy stored in foodstuffs and accessed through metabolism.

Energy From Food

The unit of energy used in nutrition is the kilogram calorie (kcal) or calorie, measuring the energy the body derives from food.
Calories are by-products of the oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the body.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

BMR represents the minimum amount of energy the body needs at rest to maintain vital functions.
Factors influencing BMR: age, sex, body surface area, body composition, state of nutrition, sleep, endocrine glands, and fever.

Desirable Body Weight (DBW)

DBW is the ideal weight for an individual based on height and age.
Methods for calculating DBW: Ador Dionisio's Method and Tannhauser's Method.

Physical Activity

Calorie requirements are influenced by the type and intensity of physical activity.
Increased physical activity leads to higher calorie expenditure.

Specific Dynamic Action of Food (SDA)

SDA refers to the energy needed to digest, transport, and utilize food.
Carbohydrates and fats increase heat production by approximately 5% of the total calories consumed.

Daily Energy Requirement

Daily energy requirement is estimated by adding the energy needs for basal metabolism, physical activity, and SDA.
Steps for calculating daily energy requirement: determine DBW, calculate basal needs, adjust for sleep, add activity increment, add SDA, and sum all values.

Fluid Requirement

The recommended fluid intake is based on caloric expenditure using the Holliday-Segar Method.

Abnormal Water Balance

Overhydration or Water Intoxication

Occurs when excessive water intake dilutes tissues and cells, leading to potential complications like muscle cramps, weakness, low blood pressure, vomiting, convulsions, coma, and death.

Dehydration

Occurs when water loss exceeds intake, leading to electrolyte loss, skin inelasticity, and potential complications ranging from serious to fatal.

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Description

Test your knowledge on essential nutrients including proteins, fats, and minerals. This quiz covers their roles in the body, sources, and importance in a healthy diet. Perfect for students studying nutrition and health sciences.