C5 - C9
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Questions and Answers

In the rural area of Nevada, what was found to be greater in terms of per-capita density compared to the urban area?

  • Fast-food venues
  • Supermarkets
  • Convenience stores
  • Grocery and convenience venues (correct)

    • There was a significant price difference found between standard and healthier versions of select items between rural and urban Nevada geographies.

    False

    What was the difference in the variety and quality of produce found between rural and urban grocer venues in Nevada?

    Lower variety and quality in rural grocer venues

    In the Texas study, the distance to _______________________ did not affect fruit and vegetable intake in urban areas.

    <p>supermarket or supercenter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found to be less in the rural sample compared to the urban sample in the Texas study?

    <p>Fast-food venues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rural sample in the Texas study had fewer large grocers and convenience stores per 1,000 persons compared to the urban sample.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the corresponding geography:

    <p>Greater per-capita density of grocery and convenience venues = Rural area Greater per-capita density of fast-food venues = Urban area Lower variety and quality of produce = Rural grocer venues No significant price difference between standard and healthier items = Rural and urban Nevada geographies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the retail food environment have on fruit and vegetable intake in rural areas?

    <p>Decreased fruit and vegetable intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of consumer food environments?

    <p>Accessibility, variety, price, and quality of foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The availability of unhealthy foods in and around schools is negatively associated with the regular intake of these foods amongst adolescents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of healthy food environments?

    <p>Equitable access to healthy foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food information may be in the form of ______________________.

    <p>advertising, labeling, or educational curricula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects health outcomes, according to the text?

    <p>Food environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is conclusive evidence associating school food environment and student BMI.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of food environments with their characteristics:

    <p>Community = Proximity to food outlets or density of food outlets Consumer = Accessibility, variety, price, and quality of foods Organizational = Food preparation, retailing, or food growing facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with sedentary behavior, frequency of purchasing lunch from school cafeterias, and frequency of purchasing snacks from vending machines?

    <p>SSB consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do they provide to enable healthy food consumption and support healthy eating?

    <p>All of the above, including community programs and infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GIS stands for General Information System.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by insufficient availability and accessibility of healthy foods, particularly fruits and vegetables?

    <p>Food deserts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some low- and middle-income countries, nonmarket-based food sources, including _______________, may be important.

    <p>wild food harvesting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dominates the food environment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)?

    <p>Small- and medium-sized market-based vendors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following food environments in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) with their descriptions:

    <p>Food Deserts = characterized by insufficient availability and accessibility of healthy foods, particularly fruits and vegetables Food Swamps = typified by the inundation of unhealthy foods and drinks Food Oases = identified amongst high-income communities with limited availability of less-healthy options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Cape Town, South Africa, formal supermarkets cater to the needs of the poor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is GPS?

    <p>Global Positioning System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of school food environments in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)?

    <p>Vendors selling unhealthy foods and beverages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Targeted marketing of unhealthy foods to children is not a concern in school food environments in LMICs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern related to food safety in school food environments in LMICs?

    <p>Misleading marketing messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key finding from the MANS 2014 study?

    <p>Malaysian adults had inadequate intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In LMICs, school policies to regulate the sale of unhealthy foods in schools are often ______________ amongst actors.

    <p>contested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Malaysian government's approach to nutrition has been highly effective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country had concerns about perceived low efficacy of low-income mothers to provide their children with nutritious foods?

    <p>Indonesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed solution to address nutritional deficiencies?

    <p>taking supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following countries with the described concerns about food marketing to children:

    <p>Malaysia = Targeted television marketing and promotion of unhealthy foods to children during school holidays Indonesia = Perceived low efficacy of low-income mothers to provide their children with nutritious foods Guatemala = Traditional family structures and complex eating patterns Brazil = Food vendor regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sugar, soy sauce, and condiments are common _______________________ items in Malaysian households.

    <p>staple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In LMICs, food vendors are often regulated to promote healthy food options in school environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern related to food availability in school food environments in LMICs?

    <p>Limited availability of healthy food options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed strategy to promote healthy eating habits?

    <p>Incentivizing healthy food choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text suggests that the current approach to nutrition is sustainable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following initiatives with their corresponding goals:

    <p>School Food Programmes = promote healthy eating habits among children Rice Fortification = address nutritional deficiencies Food Innovation = incorporate micronutrients into food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed solution to address nutritional deficiencies in school settings?

    <p>minimum nutritional standards for school cafeteria food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Home Food Inventory (HFI) checklist?

    <p>To determine what foods an individual or family usually has on hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Home Food Inventory (HFI) checklist is a validated, self-administered tool.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the journal where the study on Home Food Inventory (HFI) was published?

    <p>International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Home Food Inventory (HFI) checklist involves checking the _____________, freezer, shelves, cupboards, tabletop, and any areas in the home.

    <p>fridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a healthy food environment?

    <p>Allowing the school community to make choices for better diets and improved wellbeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Food Environment = The physical and social surroundings that influence what and how we eat Healthy Food Environment = Enables healthy food consumption and supports healthy eating habits Unhealthy Food Environment = Characterized by insufficient availability and accessibility of healthy foods, particularly fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A healthy food environment restricts the availability of healthy foods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way governments can shape healthier school food environments?

    <p>Setting and enforcing nutrition standards for school food, meals, and snacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A healthy food environment allows and encourages the school community to make choices for better ______________ and improved wellbeing.

    <p>diets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Healthy = Allows the school community to make choices for better diets and improved wellbeing Unhealthy = Promotes unhealthy foods School = Refers to all the spaces, infrastructure, and conditions inside and around the school premises where food is available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Governments cannot shape healthier school food environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to promote healthy eating habits in school food environments?

    <p>Making nutritious foods more affordable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way television promotes an obesogenic home food environment?

    <p>Food advertising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Having adequate food preparation supplies can lead to less nutritious meal preparation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential pitfall of stocking up on sales of nutritious foods?

    <p>Greater consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Modern food marketing can impact the home food environment through various channels, including _______________ and movie product placement.

    <p>internet websites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following strategies with their goals:

    <p>Regulating food marketing to children = Protect children Stocking up on nutritious foods = Save money Providing food preparation supplies = Promote healthy eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Public health policies have been proposed to regulate food marketing to children.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential concern related to food availability in school food environments?

    <p>Insufficient availability and accessibility of healthy foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of healthy food environments?

    <p>Easy access to healthy food options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is conclusive evidence associating school food environment and student BMI.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of school food environments in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)?

    <p>Limited availability of healthy food options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food information may be in the form of ______________________.

    <p>nutrition labels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following initiatives with their corresponding goals:

    <p>School feeding programs = Provide nutritious meals to students Community health initiatives = Promote healthy eating habits Nutrition education = Educate on healthy food choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern related to food safety in school food environments in LMICs?

    <p>Food contamination risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Targeted marketing of unhealthy foods to children is a concern in school food environments in LMICs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed solution to address nutritional deficiencies in school settings?

    <p>Implementing school feeding programs with nutritious meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of School-Based Food and Nutrition Education (SFNE)?

    <p>To create a healthy food environment in schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Home-Grown School Feeding approach connects farmers with local schools to promote healthy eating.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Home-Grown School Feeding approach?

    <p>Connecting local farmers with schools to promote safe, diverse and nutritious food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Home-Grown School Feeding approach offers local farmers a regular market of _______________ for their production.

    <p>schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of School-Based Food and Nutrition Education (SFNE)?

    <p>Creating a healthy food environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following initiatives with their corresponding goals:

    <p>School-Based Food and Nutrition Education (SFNE) = Promote healthy eating habits The Home-Grown School Feeding approach = Connect local farmers with schools Inclusive Procurement and Value Chains = Improve the economic development of small-scale farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The FAO provides technical support to implement nutrition standards for school food and meals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the Inclusive Procurement and Value Chains initiative?

    <p>Improve the economic development of small-scale farmers and local communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of sustainable food production?

    <p>Reducing environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Producing nutritious food is enough to achieve global food security.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in improving food distribution systems and markets?

    <p>Reducing food insecurity and diversified consumer access to nutritious foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sustainable food production aims to _______________________ inequality.

    <p>reduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their characteristics:

    <p>Sustainable food production = reduces environmental impact Food distribution systems = involves complex systems of activities and relations Improving diet and nutrition = encompasses social, economic, and ecological considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The current approach to nutrition is sustainable according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Improving food distribution systems and markets can help _______________________ food insecurity.

    <p>reduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is critical to achieving global food security?

    <p>Sustainable food production, improving food distribution systems and markets, and improving diet and nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of food systems according to the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN)?

    <p>Production, processing, distribution, preparation, and consumption of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changes in a food system are driven by national and international trends.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of food systems?

    <p>To satisfy nutritional needs at different stages of life, affordably and appealingly in a sustainable way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food systems involve many stages of converting natural resources and human effort into food to _______________ human life.

    <p>sustain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Food Systems = From producer to consumer; from farm to flush Food Environment = Involves the market and institutional networks for governance Sustainable Food Systems = Satisfy nutritional needs at different stages of life, affordably and appealingly in a sustainable way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key trend in food systems as income grows in lower-income countries?

    <p>Consumers shift towards more expensive sources of calories, such as meat and dairy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of sustainable food systems?

    <p>To satisfy nutritional needs at different stages of life, affordably and appealingly in a sustainable way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food systems have a significant impact on the _______________ outcomes of these activities.

    <p>socio-economic and environmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of enjoying a balanced variety of foods?

    <p>Multiple benefits for health and the planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food loss and waste have no environmental impacts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of food-based strategies?

    <p>improving diets to overcome and prevent malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The need to consider the impact of our diets on the _______________________.

    <p>planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following advantages of sustainable food systems with their descriptions:

    <p>Reduced environmental impact = Minimizes environmental degradation Improved nutrition = Enhances health and well-being Increased food security = Ensures access to sufficient and nutritious food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of transforming food systems?

    <p>Promoting sustainable agriculture practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The food environment has no impact on dietary consumption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of a food systems approach?

    <p>food and nutrition security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central objective of food system and agricultural policies according to FAO?

    <p>Protecting and promoting healthy diets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: The Industrial Revolution had only beneficial impacts on human health

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Neolithic transition in the history of food systems?

    <p>The Neolithic transition marked the emergence of agriculture, domestication of animals, and cultivation of plants, leading to food production and sufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of food systems transformation?

    <p>Shift towards sustainable agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is conclusive evidence associating school food environment and student BMI.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The modern food system involves various crops being grown and animals reared in different parts of the world, and then _______________ to consumers

    <p>warehoused or shipped hundreds or thousands of miles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of history with their corresponding descriptions

    <p>Paleolithic hunter-gatherers = Hunting and gathering food Neolithic transition = Emergence of agriculture and domestication of animals Industrial Revolution = Industrialised affluence and cultural change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way governments can shape healthier school food environments?

    <p>Regulating food marketing to children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: A healthy food environment restricts the availability of healthy foods

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), food vendors are often _______________________ to promote healthy food options in school environments.

    <p>regulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their corresponding food environments:

    <p>Availability of unhealthy foods = Unhealthy food environment Insufficient availability and accessibility of healthy foods = Food desert Promotion of healthy food options = Healthy food environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of unsustainable food systems on the environment and human health?

    <p>Unsustainable food systems contribute to environmental degradation and negatively impact human health, leading to 'diseases of civilisation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The current approach to nutrition is sustainable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sustainable food systems?

    <p>Promoting healthy diets and achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed solution to address nutritional deficiencies in school settings?

    <p>Implementing policies to regulate the sale of unhealthy foods in schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the global population's energy needs could be met by the current global food system?

    <p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key dimension of sustainable agriculture?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sustainable eating?

    <p>Eating diets with low environmental impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sustainable development, according to the United Nations General Assembly?

    <p>Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in reducing undernourishment?

    <p>Inclusive economic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A diet that is culturally unacceptable is considered sustainable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The production of animal products contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sustainable food systems are only economically sustainable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sustainable development in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries conserves land, water, plant, and animal genetic resources.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar power, are already fully developed and ready for use.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of sustainable agriculture?

    <p>To conserve land, water, plant, and animal genetic resources, and ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of sustainable food production?

    <p>To efficiently and comprehensively meet the food, fuel, and fiber needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the diversity of a food system and its resilience in the face of climate change and other stressors?

    <p>The more diverse the system, the higher its resilience in the face of climate change and other stressors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to conserve healthy soil?

    <p>Well-planned and managed vegetation cover, intercropping, and terracing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated increase in total food demand expected between 2005-07 and 2050?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UN Environment Programme defines sustainable development as ensuring that the use of resources and the environment today does not __________ the use in the future.

    <p>compromise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sustainable agriculture is characterized by _______________________ impact on the natural environment.

    <p>positive or neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Efficient _______________________ systems are essential for water conservation.

    <p>irrigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the EAT-Lancet Commission, the dominant diets of the past 50 years have contributed to ______________________.

    <p>climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Global food production accounts for approximately ________ of all greenhouse gas emissions globally.

    <p>a quarter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their corresponding aspects of sustainable eating:

    <p>Protective and respectful of biodiversity = Nutritionally adequate Accessible, economically fair and affordable = Environmentally sustainable Culturally acceptable = Socially sustainable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Sustainable Agriculture = Produces healthy food without harming the environment Environmental Sustainability = Focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions Social Sustainability = Ensures fair working conditions for farmers Scientific Research In Food Production = Develops new farming technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sustainable agriculture practices with their descriptions:

    <p>Conserves and protects water resources = Efficient irrigation systems and water management practices Creates and conserves healthy soil = Well-planned and managed vegetation cover, intercropping, and terracing Recycles and manages waste products = Anaerobic digestion, land application, composting, incineration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following dimensions of sustainability with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Environmental Sustainability = Positive or neutral impact on the natural environment Social Sustainability = Broad-based benefits for society Economic Sustainability = Profitable throughout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions with their corresponding concepts:

    <p>Complex; wide range of interpretation = Sustainable Development Management and conservation of natural resources = Environmental Sustainability Ensuring the present use of resources does not compromise future use = Social Sustainability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated global economic impact of food waste per year?

    <p>USD 2.6 trillion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food culture is moving towards slow, locally sourced foods, distributed by small, decentralized farmers' markets.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 21st-century great food transformation is a response to the crisis of unsustainable food systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aquaponics is a combination of raising aquatic animals and producing plants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sustainable food systems are only environmentally sustainable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of sustainable food systems?

    <p>To be profitable, have broad-based benefits for society, and have a positive or neutral impact on the natural environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a healthy food environment?

    <p>Availability and accessibility of healthy foods, particularly fruits and vegetables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to promote sustainable food production?

    <p>Selecting animals and crops appropriate for the environment and available resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A significant portion of food produced worldwide is lost or wasted.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the comprehensive shift in how the world produces and eats food, according to the EAT-Lancet Commission?

    <p>To ensure food and nutrition security and to promote healthy life for present and future generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of sustainable energy resources?

    <p>Renewable energy sources like wind, solar, bioenergy, hydrogen, and nuclear energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines sustainable development as the management and conservation of the natural resource base, and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations, conserving _______________ resources.

    <p>land, water, plant, and animal genetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The EAT-Lancet Commission is a collaboration between 37 experts from 16 countries, informed by a range of disciplines, including ______________________.

    <p>health, nutrition, environmental sustainability, food systems, and economic and political governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The current global food system is capable of producing an average of _______ kcal/person/day.

    <p>2,870</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to improve food and nutrition in communities?

    <p>Collaborating with local farmers to provide fresh fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion emphasizes the importance of social determinants of health.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one proposed solution to address nutritional deficiencies?

    <p>Sponsor Education Programs for Children and Adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The World Health Organization's _______________________ emphasizes the importance of social determinants of health.

    <p>Commission on Social Determinants of Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following initiatives with their corresponding goals:

    <p>Farmers Markets = Increase access to fresh fruits and vegetables Community Gardens = Promote physical activity and community engagement Policy &amp; Funding = Increase funding for nutrition education programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of a healthy food environment?

    <p>Providing education on healthy eating habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The SNAP program restricts access to healthy food options.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to promote healthy eating habits?

    <p>Sponsor Education Programs for Children and Adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the housing policies mentioned in the content?

    <p>Providing affordable housing and renovation grants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obesity is solely caused by genetic predisposition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the mobile care center mentioned in the content?

    <p>Pediatric primary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The built environment can either facilitate or prevent obesity by affecting the availability and accessibility of _______________ and physical activity.

    <p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Food desert = Area with few supermarkets Food swamp = Area with an abundance of fast-food restaurants and convenience stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The content mentions a focus on education and career development in addition to housing and health initiatives.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor influencing obesity, according to the content?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the on-site classes mentioned in the content?

    <p>Career success skills and local job openings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion?

    <p>Health promotion and well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Ottawa Charter, health is solely the responsibility of the health sector.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of health promotion according to the Ottawa Charter?

    <p>Enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ottawa Charter identifies _______ as determinants of good health.

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following determinants of good health with their descriptions:

    <p>peace = absence of conflict shelter = adequate housing education = access to knowledge and skills food = access to nutritious food sustainable resources = responsible management of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ottawa Charter emphasizes health as a negative concept, focusing on the absence of disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of health promotion, according to the Ottawa Charter?

    <p>To reach a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ottawa Charter outlines _______ strategies for health promotion.

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in income disparities affecting health outcomes?

    <p>Access to income and other social determinants of health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Poverty has increased drastically in Malaysia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five high-impact social determinants addressed by the Healthy Neighborhoods Healthy Families initiative?

    <p>Affordable housing, education, health and wellness, safe and accessible neighborhoods, and workforce development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Healthy Neighborhoods Healthy Families initiative is a program that addresses social determinants of health in the _______________.

    <p>US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following social determinants of health with their corresponding examples:

    <p>Affordable Housing = Access to housing Education = Access to education Health and Wellness = Access to healthcare Built Environment = Access to recreational activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA) is a organization that focuses on health and wellness programs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of urban-biased development planning on rural areas in Malaysia?

    <p>Rural-urban migration has had an impact on the population, with young people shifting out, and development in small towns almost at standstills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of healthy food environments?

    <p>Availability of healthy foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the World Health Organisation define as the social determinants of health?

    <p>The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PROGRESS acronym stands for Place of residence, Occupation, Gender, Education, and Socioeconomic status.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of applying an equity lens to interventions?

    <p>To consider socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The World Health Organisation defines social determinants of health as the conditions in which people are born, grow, _________, and age.

    <p>live, work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following social determinants of health with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Place of residence = Where people live Race/ethnicity/culture/language = A person's identity Occupation = A person's job Gender/sex = A person's biological characteristics Religion = A person's beliefs Education = A person's level of schooling Socioeconomic status = A person's income and social standing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a healthy food environment?

    <p>Allows and encourages the school community to make choices for better health and wellbeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Home Food Inventory (HFI) checklist?

    <p>To assess the availability of healthy food options in the home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The availability of unhealthy food options in and around schools is positively associated with the regular intake of these foods amongst adolescents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Rural and Urban Food Environments

    • In rural Nevada, there is a greater per-capita density of grocery and convenience venues compared to urban areas.
    • However, urban areas have a higher per-capita density of fast-food venues.
    • Rural grocery stores have lower quality and variety of produce compared to urban supermarkets.
    • There is no significant price difference between standard and healthier food options in rural and urban areas.

    Rural and Urban Food Environments in Texas

    • Rural areas have more large grocers and convenience stores per 1,000 persons compared to urban areas.
    • The density of fast-food venues in rural areas is less than in urban areas, but not significantly different.
    • Distance to supermarkets or supercenters does not affect fruit and vegetable intake in urban areas, but decreases it in rural areas.
    • Retail food environments have different impacts on fruit and vegetable intake in urban and rural settings.

    School Food Environment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC)

    • School food environments are often saturated with vendors selling unhealthy foods and beverages.
    • Targeted marketing of sugary sweetened beverages (SSBs) to children is evident.
    • Unhealthy foods and beverages are readily available, affordable, and desirable, while healthier options are limited.
    • Concerns around misleading marketing messages, food safety, and peer influence in school canteens are present.

    Household Food Environment in LMIC

    • Traditional family structures and complex eating patterns exist in Brazil.
    • Low-income mothers in Indonesia have low efficacy in providing their children with nutritious foods.
    • Targeted television marketing and promotion of unhealthy foods to children during school holidays occur in Malaysia.

    Aspects of Food Environment

    • Community food environments are measured by proximity to different food outlets or density and variety of food outlets within a geographic area.
    • Consumer food environments are characterized by accessibility, variety, price, and quality of foods, and consumer information.
    • Organizational food environments are shaped by features such as food preparation, retailing, or food growing facilities in institutional settings.

    Food Environment Affects Health Outcomes

    • Multiple community settings have identified significant associations between the availability of food vendors and BMI.
    • The availability of unhealthy foods in and around schools is positively associated with the regular intake of these foods among adolescents.
    • SSB consumption is correlated with sedentary behavior, frequency of purchasing lunch from school cafeterias, and frequency of purchasing snacks from vending machines.

    Healthy Food Environments

    • Healthy food environments provide equitable access to healthy foods.
    • They provide opportunities for food production and distribution networks, fresh fruits and vegetables, and healthier options for prepared and pre-packaged foods.

    Methodological Framework

    • The framework maps geospatial and observational approaches to food environment domains.
    • It uses GIS (Geographic Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) to measure food environments.

    Community Food Environments in LMIC

    • Small- and medium-sized market-based vendors dominate LMICs.
    • Non-market-based food sources, such as wild food harvesting, are important in some settings.
    • Food deserts, characterized by insufficient availability and accessibility of healthy foods, are widespread in urban communities.
    • Food swamps, typified by the inundation of unhealthy foods and drinks, are common in low- and middle-income communities.

    Recommendations to Improve the Food Environment

    • Identify gaps in nutrition and health, and implement programmes to address them.
    • Implement rice fortification with micronutrients to address nutritional deficiencies.
    • Establish minimum nutritional standards for cafeteria food at schools and other institutions.

    Healthy Food Environment

    • A healthy food environment refers to all the spaces, infrastructure, and conditions inside and around the school premises where food is available, obtained, purchased, and/or consumed.
    • It includes the nutritional content of foods, information available, promotion, and pricing of foods and food products.
    • A healthy food environment allows and encourages the school community to make choices for better diets and improved wellbeing.

    Shaping Healthier School Food Environments

    • Governments can shape healthier school food environments by setting and enforcing nutrition standards for school food, meals, and snacks.
    • Making nutritious foods more affordable and restricting the sale and advertisement of food products rich in fat, sugar, or salt.
    • Efforts from public and private sectors include voluntary adoption of standards for sale of foods, reformulation of food products, and creation of codes of conduct for marketing and advertisement.

    School-Based Food and Nutrition Education (SFNE)

    • SFNE consists of educational strategies and learning activities that help the school community improve their diets and food choices.
    • It promotes a "whole school" approach, actively involving all people who interact in the school setting.
    • SFNE creates learning opportunities and experiences that can shape healthier food patterns.

    Inclusive Procurement and Value Chains

    • The Home-Grown School Feeding approach connects the need for safe, diverse, and nutritious food with the production of local farmers and community businesses.
    • It improves the economic development of small-scale farmers and local communities and strengthens the connection between nutrition, agriculture, and social protection through schools.

    Concerns on Home Food Environment

    • Having adequate food preparation supplies contributes to more frequent and convenient preparation of home meals that are usually more nutritious.
    • Stocking up on sales of nutritious foods may help save money but may also lead to greater consumption.
    • Television and modern food marketing impact the home food environment through promotion of sedentary behavior, food advertising, and eating while watching TV.

    Public Health Policies and Food Marketing

    • Various public health policies have been proposed to protect children by regulating food marketing to children.
    • Regulating food marketing can help prevent unhealthy food choices and promote healthier diets.

    Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

    • Working together to build a stronger enabling environment for all SDGs
    • Improving food systems is crucial to achieving the SDGs

    Improving Food Systems

    • Producing sustainable, nutritious food:
      • Increase production of nutrient-rich foods
      • Reduce inequality and ensure economic efficiency
      • Reverse and prevent further resource degradation and environmental impact
    • Sustainable food production encompasses social, economic, and ecological considerations
    • Improving food distribution systems and markets:
      • Complex systems involving various actors, infrastructure, facilities, and regulations
      • Reduce food insecurity and diversify consumer access to nutritious foods through international trade

    The Food System

    • Encompasses all elements and activities related to food production, processing, distribution, preparation, and consumption
    • Involves many stages from farm to consumer, satisfying nutritional needs at different stages of life affordably and sustainably
    • Changes driven by national and international trends
    • As income grows, consumers shift from staple foods to more expensive sources of calories, e.g., meat and dairy products

    Improving Diet and Nutrition

    • Food-based strategies focus on improving diets to overcome and prevent malnutrition
    • Enjoying a balanced variety of foods has multiple benefits (FAO, 2014)

    Reducing Food Loss and Waste

    • Food lost or wasted from production to household consumption
    • Impacts the environment

    Learning Outcomes

    • Describe the food systems
    • Describe the role of sustainable food systems in improving health and achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

    A Brief History of Food Systems

    • Paleolithic hunter-gatherers vs. succeeding agriculturalists
    • Emergence of agriculture during the Neolithic transition: domestication of animals and cultivation of plants
    • Industrial Revolution impacted human health, leading to cultural change and "diseases of civilization"

    Food Systems Today

    • Ability to grow and store food led to food surpluses
    • Trade extra food for food grown by other populations or goods
    • Modern food system involves crops grown and animals reared worldwide, warehoused or shipped to consumers

    Satisfying Human Need for Shelter and Safe, Nutritious Food

    • Key factor to reduce undernourishment is 'inclusive' economic growth, providing opportunities for the poor and improving livelihoods of small-scale farmers.

    Conserving Energy Resources

    • Recognizes that energy resources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas are finite.
    • Utilizes renewable and alternative energy sources like wind, solar, bioenergy, hydrogen, and nuclear energy.
    • Requires government programs and individual initiatives for maintenance.

    Standards of Sustainable Food Production

    Creating and Conserving Healthy Soil

    • Conservation methods include well-planned and managed vegetation cover, intercropping, and terracing.

    Conserving and Protecting Water Resources

    • Efficient irrigation systems and water management practices are essential.

    Recycling and Managing Waste Products

    • Methods include anaerobic digestion, land application, composting, and incineration.

    Selecting Animals and Crops Appropriate for Environment and Available Resources

    • Example: aquaponics, a combination of raising aquatic animals and producing some plants.

    Global Food Demand and Dietary Patterns

    • Global diets are the tie that binds environmental sustainability and human health.
    • Foods differ substantially in terms of land, water, and energy needed per unit of energy and protein consumed.
    • A 70% increase in total food demand is expected between 2005-07 and 2050.
    • Dietary patterns are shifting, with more food of animal origin, including fish, being consumed.
    • Food production accounts for a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions globally.

    Impacts of Global Food Demand and Dietary Patterns on Climate Change and Health

    • Current dietary trends cause significant damage to the environment and increased ill health.
    • More than enough food is generated for the entire population, but the world food system is capable of producing an average of 2,870kcal/person/day.

    Ingredients for Sustainability

    • Sustainable agriculture involves agricultural systems that efficiently and comprehensively meet food, fuel, and fiber needs.
    • Sustainable food systems are environmentally, economically, socially, and culturally sustainable.

    Sustainable Food Systems (SFS)

    • Profitable throughout (economic sustainability).
    • Provides broad-based benefits for the society (social sustainability).
    • Has a positive or neutral impact on the natural environment (environmental sustainability).

    Defining Sustainability (or Sustainable Development)

    • Complex and open to wide range of interpretation.
    • Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
    • FAO definition: "management and conservation of the natural resource base, and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations."
    • UNEP definition: "development that ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not compromise their use in the future."

    Defining Sustainable Eating

    • Eating diets with low environmental impacts that contribute to food and nutrition security and to healthy life for present and future generations.
    • Protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems.
    • Culturally acceptable, accessible, economically fair, and affordable.
    • Nutritionally adequate, safe, and healthy.
    • Optimizes natural and human resources.

    The 21st-Century Great Food Transformation

    • The dominant diets of the past 50 years are no longer nutritionally optimal, contribute to climate change, and accelerate erosion of natural biodiversity.
    • A comprehensive shift is needed in how the world produces and eats food.
    • The EAT–Lancet Commission is a collaboration between 37 experts from 16 countries, informed by a range of disciplines, including health, nutrition, environmental sustainability, food systems, and economic and political governance.

    Proposed Solutions to Improve Food and Nutrition

    • Collaborating with local farmers to increase access to fruits and vegetables
    • Establishing community gardens
    • Implementing policy and funding initiatives
    • Increasing availability of fresh foods in corner stores and small markets
    • Improving the SNAP program through increased access, food restrictions, and incentives for users and stores
    • Sponsoring education programs for children and adults

    Social Determinants of Health

    • Defined by the World Health Organisation as "the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age"
    • Shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels

    Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion

    • Describes 8 determinants necessary for good health conditions
    • Outlines 3 basic strategies for health promotion:
      • Advocacy for health
      • Enabling people to achieve their fullest potential health
      • Mediated and coordinated actions among all relevant stakeholders
    • Identifies 5 areas for priority actions

    Determinants of Good Health

    • Peace
    • Shelter
    • Education
    • Food
    • Sustainable resources
    • Stable ecosystem
    • Social justice and equity

    Income and Health

    • Higher income levels result in better health outcomes, while lower income levels result in poorer health outcomes
    • Income disparity affects access to other social determinants of health, such as education, food, housing, and recreational activities

    Urban-Rural Divide in Malaysia

    • Development planning has been urban-biased, leading to increased infrastructure and facilities in urban areas
    • Rural-urban migration has resulted in young people shifting out, and development in small towns being stagnant

    Healthy Neighborhoods Healthy Families

    • A program developed by Nationwide Children's Hospital to provide SDOH solutions
    • Addresses 5 high-impact social determinants:
      • Affordable housing
      • Education
      • Health and wellness
      • Safe and accessible neighborhoods
      • Workforce development

    Social Determinants of Obesity

    • Obesity is impacted by social, environmental, and economic factors
    • The social environment, including societal norms, marketing activities, and cultural forces, plays a role in obesity
    • The built environment, including food availability and accessibility, and space for physical activity, can facilitate or prevent obesity
    • Food deserts and food swamps are associated with higher rates of obesity

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    Description

    The quiz assesses knowledge on nutrition in Malaysia, including food intake, health opinions, and recommendations for improvement.

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