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Questions and Answers
What is the ratio of Calcium to Phosphorus in breast milk?
What is the main source of calcium in breast milk?
What is the main difference between foremilk and hindmilk?
What is the primary function of colostrum?
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What is the recommended increase in energy intake for a lactating mother in the first six months?
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What is the recommended increase in protein intake for a lactating mother in the first four months?
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What percentage of lipids in breastmilk is palmitic acid?
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What is the primary difference between casein protein dominant milk and whey protein dominant milk?
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What is the main fatty acid in the SN-2 position on the glycerol backbone in breastmilk?
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What is the purpose of adding lactose to formula milk?
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What is the advantage of whey protein dominant milk over casein protein dominant milk?
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What is the result of the new legislation introduced in February 2020 regarding LC-PUFAs in formula milk?
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What is the primary position of palmitate, a saturated fat, in cows milk and formula milk?
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Why is iron content increased in formula milk?
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What is the primary benefit of vitamin D in infant nutrition?
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What is the recommendation for Soya Infant Formula usage?
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What percentage of infants with intolerance to cow's milk are also intolerant to soya?
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In which year was a study conducted that suggested consistent iron content reduces failure-to-thrive children in low-income areas?
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Study Notes
Umbilical Cord Cutting and Breast Milk Composition
- Umbilical cord cutting should wait 2 minutes plus after birth (Chaparro, 2011)
- Calcium to Phosphorus ratio in breast milk is 2.2:1, compared to 1.4:1 in cow's milk
- Calcium content in breast milk is not affected by maternal intake during lactation
Nutritional Composition of Breast Milk
- Breast milk composition changes during lactation: colostrum, transitional, and mature milk
- Frequent suckling stimulates milk production (supply/demand)
- Foremilk is watery, high in protein, milk sugar, vitamins, and minerals, while hindmilk is thicker, whiter, and higher in fat
Colostrum
- Colostrum is unique and cannot be replicated in formula milk
- It provides infant immunity against some bacteria and viruses
- It is produced from birth for 2-4 days and has a yellowish color
- Colostrum is lower in fat, higher in protein (up to x9), and richer in minerals (Zn) and vitamins (A, D, B12) than mature milk
Nutrient Requirements for Mothers
- Maternal adipose tissue and stores help meet nutrient requirements
- Adequate fluid intake is essential
- Increased energy requirement: 330KCal in the first six months of lactation
- Protein requirement increases by 11g/day in the first four months
Formula Milk Composition
- Two categories of formula milk: casein protein dominant and whey protein dominant
- Whey protein dominant formula milk is more like human milk but more expensive
- Nutrients added to formula milk include carbohydrates, fats, iron, and zinc
Fats in Formula Milk
- Fats in formula milk include palm, coconut, sunflower, and soya oil
- Palmitic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in breast milk and formula milk
- Palmitate in formula milk reduces calcium absorption and can cause constipation
Iron and Zinc in Formula Milk
- Iron content is increased in formula milk to compensate for poorer bioavailability
- Vitamin C is added to increase iron absorption
- Zinc levels are increased in formula milk to compensate for poorer bioavailability
Soya Infant Formula
- Soya infant formula is based on soy protein isolate and can be used from birth under clinical supervision
- It is used for infants with intolerance to cow's milk and is recommended for vegan families
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Description
This quiz covers the nutritional composition of breast milk, including the ratio of calcium to phosphorus, and the sources of calcium in milk. It also touches on the difficulty of mimicking breast milk in formula milk and the importance of non-protein nitrogen-containing factors. Test your knowledge of breast milk nutrition!
