Nutrition in Breast Milk

18 Questions

What is the ratio of Calcium to Phosphorus in breast milk?

2.2 : 1

What is the main source of calcium in breast milk?

Maternal bones

What is the main difference between foremilk and hindmilk?

Foremilk has more protein and hindmilk has more fat

What is the primary function of colostrum?

To afford immunity to the infant

What is the recommended increase in energy intake for a lactating mother in the first six months?

330KCal

What is the recommended increase in protein intake for a lactating mother in the first four months?

11g/day

What percentage of lipids in breastmilk is palmitic acid?

25%

What is the primary difference between casein protein dominant milk and whey protein dominant milk?

Protein composition, with casein being 80:20 whey

What is the main fatty acid in the SN-2 position on the glycerol backbone in breastmilk?

Palmitic acid

What is the purpose of adding lactose to formula milk?

To provide carbohydrates

What is the advantage of whey protein dominant milk over casein protein dominant milk?

It is more similar to human milk

What is the result of the new legislation introduced in February 2020 regarding LC-PUFAs in formula milk?

Mandatory inclusion of DHA

What is the primary position of palmitate, a saturated fat, in cows milk and formula milk?

SN-1 and SN-3 positions

Why is iron content increased in formula milk?

To compensate for poorer bioavailability from formula milk

What is the primary benefit of vitamin D in infant nutrition?

Ensuring adequate dietary supply

What is the recommendation for Soya Infant Formula usage?

Can be used from birth with clinical supervision only

What percentage of infants with intolerance to cow's milk are also intolerant to soya?

25%

In which year was a study conducted that suggested consistent iron content reduces failure-to-thrive children in low-income areas?

2016

Study Notes

Umbilical Cord Cutting and Breast Milk Composition

Umbilical cord cutting should wait 2 minutes plus after birth (Chaparro, 2011)
Calcium to Phosphorus ratio in breast milk is 2.2:1, compared to 1.4:1 in cow's milk
Calcium content in breast milk is not affected by maternal intake during lactation

Nutritional Composition of Breast Milk

Breast milk composition changes during lactation: colostrum, transitional, and mature milk
Frequent suckling stimulates milk production (supply/demand)
Foremilk is watery, high in protein, milk sugar, vitamins, and minerals, while hindmilk is thicker, whiter, and higher in fat

Colostrum

Colostrum is unique and cannot be replicated in formula milk
It provides infant immunity against some bacteria and viruses
It is produced from birth for 2-4 days and has a yellowish color
Colostrum is lower in fat, higher in protein (up to x9), and richer in minerals (Zn) and vitamins (A, D, B12) than mature milk

Nutrient Requirements for Mothers

Maternal adipose tissue and stores help meet nutrient requirements
Adequate fluid intake is essential
Increased energy requirement: 330KCal in the first six months of lactation
Protein requirement increases by 11g/day in the first four months

Formula Milk Composition

Two categories of formula milk: casein protein dominant and whey protein dominant
Whey protein dominant formula milk is more like human milk but more expensive
Nutrients added to formula milk include carbohydrates, fats, iron, and zinc

Fats in Formula Milk

Fats in formula milk include palm, coconut, sunflower, and soya oil
Palmitic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in breast milk and formula milk
Palmitate in formula milk reduces calcium absorption and can cause constipation

Iron and Zinc in Formula Milk

Iron content is increased in formula milk to compensate for poorer bioavailability
Vitamin C is added to increase iron absorption
Zinc levels are increased in formula milk to compensate for poorer bioavailability

Soya Infant Formula

Soya infant formula is based on soy protein isolate and can be used from birth under clinical supervision
It is used for infants with intolerance to cow's milk and is recommended for vegan families

This quiz covers the nutritional composition of breast milk, including the ratio of calcium to phosphorus, and the sources of calcium in milk. It also touches on the difficulty of mimicking breast milk in formula milk and the importance of non-protein nitrogen-containing factors. Test your knowledge of breast milk nutrition!

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