Nutrition for Women and Vulnerable Groups
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Questions and Answers

What is a notable effect of Thalidomide on fetal development?

  • Ruptured BOW
  • Cleft palate
  • Staining of tooth enamel
  • Phocomelia (correct)

    • Sexual desire generally increases during the second trimester of pregnancy.

    False

    List one of the contraindications for sexual activity during pregnancy.

    Spotting or bleeding

    Which group of women might require special nutritional attention during pregnancy?

    <p>Pregnant teenagers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspirin and Phenobarbital can cause __________ disorders in pregnant women.

    <p>bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their associated effects:

    <p>Iodine = Tracheal compression and dyspnea at birth Tetracycline = Staining of tooth enamel Streptomycin = Nerve deafness Steroids = Cleft palate and abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D is found in high amounts in leafy green vegetables.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which trimester is it advisable to postpone travel?

    <p>Last trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of folic acid during pregnancy?

    <p>To prevent megaloblastic anemia, abruption placenta, and prematurity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnant women should avoid all physical exercises throughout their pregnancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron absorption in the body is typically only _____%.

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vitamin with its main food sources:

    <p>Vitamin A = Carrots, eggs, green leafy vegetables Vitamin C = Tomatoes, guava, papaya Vitamin E = Green leafy vegetables, fish Folic acid = Asparagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should pregnant women do during long rides?

    <p>Take 15-20 minute rest periods every 2-3 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is particularly rich in iron?

    <p>Spinach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malnutrition during pregnancy can lead to congenital defects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to improve iron absorption?

    <p>Consume Vitamin C with iron-rich foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of Kegel exercises?

    <p>Relieving congestion and discomfort in the pelvic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior fontanel closes between 2-3 months in an infant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What exercise is said to be the best for general fitness?

    <p>Walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of the fetal head changing shape to fit through the birth canal is called ______.

    <p>molding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial bones is NOT considered important in the context of fetal development?

    <p>Sphenoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following suture lines with their corresponding connections:

    <p>Sagittal suture line = Parietal bones Coronal suture line = Frontal and parietal bones Lambdoid suture line = Occiput and parietal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biparietal diameter of the fetal skull measures 8 cm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position is modified to relieve pelvic pressure and cramps in the thighs?

    <p>Modified knee-chest position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the additional protein requirement for pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women?

    <p>30 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smoking during pregnancy is safe and does not affect birth weight.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much additional iron do pregnant women need?

    <p>18 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnant women should consume ______ servings of milk per day.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nutrient to its requirement during pregnancy:

    <p>Calories = +300-400 Vitamin C = +15 Vitamin E = +3 Calcium = +400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered excessive drinking during pregnancy?

    <p>Drinking continuously every day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy is completely contraindicated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended number of servings of fruits for pregnant women?

    <p>2-3 servings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nutrition

    • Key aspect for women: Nutritional needs are paramount, especially for pregnant women.
    • Vulnerable groups: Pregnant teenagers, women with extreme pre-pregnancy weights (underweight or obese), low-income women, those with successive pregnancies, and vegetarians require special attention due to their unique nutritional demands.
    • Vegetarian concerns: While high in vitamin intake, vegetarians may face deficiencies in proteins and minerals due to the lack of essential amino acids found only in animal sources.
    • Nutritional assessment: Primarily based on dietary history, including food preferences, cultural/religious influences, and educational/occupational level.
    • Caloric equivalents: Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram, proteins provide 4 calories per gram, and fats offer 9 calories per gram.
    • Food sources:
      • Protein: Meat, fish, eggs, milk, poultry, cheese, beans, and mongo.
      • Vitamin A: Eggs, carrots, squash, and all green leafy vegetables.
      • Vitamin D: Fish, liver, eggs, milk. Caution: Excess vitamin D during pregnancy can potentially lead to fetal cardiac problems.
      • Vitamin E: Green leafy vegetables and fish.
      • Vitamin C: Tomatoes, guava, and papaya.
      • Folic acid: Crucial for preventing megaloblastic anemia, abruption placenta, and prematurity. It's essential for hemoglobin formation alongside iron. Examples of folic acid-rich foods: Asparagus.
      • Vitamin B: Foods rich in protein contain Vitamin B.
      • Calcium/phosphorus: Milk and cheese are excellent sources.
    • Iron Significance: Critical during the last trimester, as the pregnant woman transfers her iron stores to the fetus, ensuring the baby has enough iron reserves during the first three months of life when they solely consume milk (lacking in iron).
    • Iron absorption: Only about 10% of ingested iron is absorbed by the body.
    • Optimizing iron absorption: Vitamin C helps improve iron absorption.
    • Iron supplementation: Iron should be taken after meals to minimize irritation to the gastric mucosa.
    • Iron-rich foods: Liver, other internal organs, camote tops, kangkong, egg yolk, amplaya, malunggay, and spinach.
    • Malnutrition impact: Malnutrition during pregnancy can lead to prematurity, preeclampsia, low birthweight babies, congenital defects, and stillbirths.

    Nutrition during Pregnancy

    • Increased needs: Pregnant women require a higher intake of calories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals compared to non-pregnant women.
    • Meat: 2-3 servings per day.
    • Vegetables: 1 serving per day, particularly from dark green and deep yellow vegetables.
    • Fruits: 2-3 servings per day.
    • Breads: 1 serving per day.
    • Milk: 4 servings per day.
    • Fluid intake: 1 quart or 2-6 glasses of liquid per day.

    Contraindications during Pregnancy

    • Smoking: Vasoconstriction caused by smoking can lead to low birth weight babies. Highly discouraged during pregnancy.
    • Drinking: Moderate alcohol consumption is not generally discouraged, but excessive drinking can lead to transient respiratory depression in the newborn and fetal withdrawal syndrome.
    • Drugs: Potentially dangerous to the fetus, especially during the first trimester. Can cause teratogenic effects and fetal defects. Only prescribed medications by a doctor are recommended.
      • Thalidomide: Can cause phocomelia (short or absent limbs).
      • Steroids: May result in cleft palate and even abortion.
      • Iodine: Present in various over-the-counter cough suppressants, can lead to fetal thyroid gland enlargement, causing tracheal compression and dyspnea at birth.
      • Vitamin K: Can cause hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia.
      • Aspirin and Phenobarbital: Possible bleeding disorder.
      • Streptomycin and quinine: Can lead to damage to the 8th cranial nerve (nerve deafness).
      • Tetracycline: Causes staining of tooth enamel and inhibits bone growth (not recommended for children under 8 years old).

    Sexual Activity

    • Sexual desires changes: Fluctuate during pregnancy, often reduced in the first and second trimesters due to bodily changes and concerns about the fetus.
    • Moderation accepted: Sexual activity in moderation is generally permitted during pregnancy but is contraindicated during the last 6 weeks to reduce the risk of postpartum infection.
    • Position adjustments: Comfortable positions should be explored, and the missionary position is not recommended.

    Restrictions for Sexual Activity

    • Spotting or bleeding.
    • Ruptured membranes.
    • Incompetent cervical os.
    • Deeply-engaged presenting part.

    Employment

    • General allowance: Work is usually permitted as long as it doesn't expose the pregnant woman to toxic substances, heavy lifting, or excessive physical/emotional strain.
    • Movement encouraged: Pregnant women should aim to move around every few hours to prevent circulatory problems.

    Traveling

    • Limited restrictions: No travel restrictions are usually imposed, but trips should be postponed during the last trimester.
    • Rest breaks: On long journeys, rest periods of 15-20 minutes every 2-3 hours for walking or using the restroom are advised.

    Exercises

    • Benefits: Primarily to strengthen muscles used in labor and delivery.
    • Moderation and individualization: Exercises should be tailored to the pregnant woman's age, physical condition, exercise history, and stage of pregnancy.
    • Examples:
      • Swimming or tennis: Not contraindicated, except for first-time participation.
    • Squatting and Tailor Sitting: Stretches and strengthens perineal muscles, increases circulation in the perineum, and increases flexibility of pelvic joints.
      • Note: When rising from a squatting position, raise the buttocks first before lifting the head to prevent postural hypotension.
    • Pelvic Rock: Improves posture, relieves abdominal pressure and low backache, and strengthens abdominal muscles after delivery.
    • Modified knee-chest position: Reduces pelvic pressure, relieves thigh and buttock cramps, and eases discomfort from hemorrhoids.
    • Shoulder-circling: Strengthens chest muscles.
    • Walking: Considered the most beneficial exercise.
    • Kegel: Relieves pelvic congestion and discomfort, and tones pelvic floor muscles.

    The Fetal Skull:

    • Significance: The fetal skull is of paramount importance in obstetrics because it represents the:
      • Largest part of the fetus.
      • Most common presenting part.
      • Least compressible fetal part.

    Fetal Skull Components

    • Cranial bones:
      • Sphenoid, ethmoid, and temporal bones are less critical.
      • Frontal, occipital, and parietal bones are crucial.

    Membrane Spaces and Fontanels

    • Suture lines: Membrane spaces between the cranial bones allow for movement and overlapping, enabling the fetal head to conform to the birth canal (molding).

      • Sagittal suture: Connects the parietal bones.
      • Coronal suture: Joins the frontal bone and parietal bones.
      • Lambdoid suture: Connects the occiput and parietal bones.

    • Fontanels: Membrane-covered spaces at the junctions of the main suture lines.

      • Anterior fontanel: Larger, diamond-shaped, closes between 12-18 months.
      • Posterior fontanel: Smaller, triangular, closes between 2-3 months.

    Fetal Skull Measurements

    • Shape influence: The fetal skull is wider anteroposteriorly (AP) than transversely.
    • Transverse diameters:
      • Biparietal: 9.25 cm.
      • Bitemporal: 8 cm.
      • Bimastoid: 7 cm.
    • Anteroposterior diameters:
      • Suboccipitobregmatic: From below the occiput to the anterior fontanel, measuring 9.5 cm (the narrowest AP diameter).
      • Occipitofrontal: From the occiput to the mid-frontal bone, measuring 12 cm.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the nutritional needs specific to women, particularly during pregnancy. It highlights the challenges faced by vulnerable groups such as pregnant teenagers, low-income women, and vegetarians. Additionally, the quiz covers key dietary assessments and caloric contents of various food sources.

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