Nutrition Final Exam Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is type 1 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin.

A blood alcohol level of _____ is defined as legal intoxication in the U.S. and Canada.

0.08

The highest concentration of ethanol is found in ________.

  • Distilled spirits (correct)
  • Beer
  • Wine coolers
  • Wine

    • Compared to men, women absorb approximately 30-35% more unaltered alcohol from the stomach into the bloodstream.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main organ responsible for ethanol metabolism is the ________.

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is the thiamin deficiency disease that results from severe alcohol abuse.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Cory's 8-ounce margarita contains 20 grams of alcohol, how many kcals come from that amount of alcohol?

    <p>140 kcals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive alcohol intake can lead to deficiencies of niacin, thiamin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol absorption occurs in the ________.

    <p>stomach and small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Krebs (citric acid) cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place in the cytosol of the cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) ________.

    <p>Picks up and delivers hydrogens to acceptor molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A kilocalorie measures the amount of heat energy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People in the United States today are more at risk for overnutrition than undernutrition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the U.S., dietary supplements are rigorously regulated by the Food and Drug Administration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-soluble vitamins are excreted more readily than fat-soluble vitamins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of the distribution of disease in human populations is ________.

    <p>epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Supplement manufacturers must prove the supplement is safe before they can sell it in the U.S.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The science of food; the nutrients and substances therein; and their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease is a definition of ________.

    <p>nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In North America, food choices are guided mainly by ________.

    <p>appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phytochemicals are _____________.

    <p>plant substances that provide health benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major form of lipid in foods is a(n) ______.

    <p>triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is found in protein, but not in carbohydrates?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a dependable source for up-to-date, accurate nutrition information?

    <p>Registered dietician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy-yielding nutrients include ________.

    <p>carbohydrates, proteins, and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are sources of carbohydrates?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins can be described as ________.

    <p>made of building blocks called amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The following meal is nutrient-dense: medium apple, fat-free milk, turkey sandwich on whole-wheat bread, carrot slices.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) is a range of macronutrient intake associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for recommended intake of essential nutrients.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) reflects average daily needs?

    <p>Estimated Average Requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A food label ingredient list reads in the following order: wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would be found in the smallest amount in this food?

    <p>Cornstarch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true about the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

    <p>All of these responses are true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a can of soup provides 4 servings and has 100 kcal per serving, how many kcal are in the entire can?

    <p>400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are ________.

    <p>the maximum daily intake level not likely to cause harmful effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To be defined as a 'good' source of a nutrient, a food must contain at least 20% of the Daily Value for that nutrient in 1 serving of the food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When vitamins and/or minerals are added to a food product in amounts in excess of at least 10% above that originally present in the product, the food is designated as ________.

    <p>fortified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jamie, a vegetarian, is trying to plan a healthy diet according to the USDA Food Patterns. Which protein foods would be the best nutrient choices for one day?

    <p>1/2 cup black beans, 2 tbsp peanut butter, 1 c spinach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factors that affect the amount of nutrients in foods include ________.

    <p>All of these factors affect nutrient content in food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bread has the highest fiber content?

    <p>whole grain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is set high enough to meet the needs of 97 to 98% of the population?

    <p>Recommended Dietary Allowances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food group is typically consumed in amounts greater than recommended by the USDA?

    <p>Protein foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person consumed 35% of a diet providing 2500 kcal from protein, approximately how many grams of protein would be ingested?

    <p>219</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its definition.

    <p>A. Clostridium perfringens = 5. Anaerobic bacterium that usually causes abdominal pain and diarrhea lasting 1 day or less B. Listeria Monocytogenes = 2. Bacterium that can cause premature death C. Clostridium botulinum = 3. Anaerobic bacterium that produces a neurotoxin that causes muscle weakness and paralysis, can be fatal D. Campylobacter jejuni = 4. Undercooked poultry and unpasteurized milk are sources of these bacterium. One of the leading causes of food borne illness in the U.S. E. Salmonella species = 1. Bacterium that lives in intestines of animals and humans, the consumption of undercooked eggs causes about 20% of cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food insecurity is ________.

    <p>the inability to meet food needs all of the time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perishable foods should be held either below ___ degrees F or above ___ degrees F to keep them out of the temperature danger zone.

    <p>41; 135</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The U.S. government assistance program that provides vouchers for food purchases to low-income pregnant women, infants, and children is ________.

    <p>The WIC program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bottled water is generally safer than tap water in the U.S.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fish most likely to contain methylmercury are ________.

    <p>large fish, such as shark and swordfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compared to conventionally grown fruits and vegetables, those grown with organic farming methods contain significantly higher amounts of vitamins and minerals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Populations disproportionately affected by food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition include ________.

    <p>Young children and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits ________.

    <p>Poor households that meet eligibility guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the U.S., the _________ mandates that public water supplies be monitored regularly for microorganisms, chemicals, and various metals.

    <p>Environmental Protection Agency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most of the digestive processes occur in the ________.

    <p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sensible idea for preventing constipation is to include more whole grain breads, beans, and apples in the diet.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the pancreas ________.

    <p>neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile is formed in the ___________ and stored in the ___________.

    <p>liver; gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the cardiovascular system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human digestion of food begins in the _______, where the enzyme _____ breaks down a small amount of starch.

    <p>mouth; amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most of the water in the gastrointestinal tract is absorbed in the small intestine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the beginning of a meal, the hormone _______ is secreted from the stomach; this hormone controls the release of _______.

    <p>gastrin; HCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by ________.

    <p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A coordinated muscular contraction that propels food along the GI tract is called ________.

    <p>peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gluten is best described as a carbohydrate found in wheat and related grains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include ________.

    <p>All of the responses are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low blood glucose is called ____________, whereas high blood glucose is called ____________.

    <p>hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is ________.

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to ________.

    <p>the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indigestible carbohydrates play a role in promoting bowel health and preventing obesity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Adequate Intake for dietary fiber is set at 14 g/1000 kcal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a food contains 148 kcals from carbohydrate, how many grams of carbohydrate is this?

    <p>37 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT usually associated with type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three important disaccharides are ________.

    <p>maltose, sucrose, and lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly _________________ as fuel.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of carbohydrate with its description.

    <p>Maltose = B. glucose+glucose Lactose = D. glucose+galactose Sucrose = A. fructose+glucose Amylose = C. many glucose molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cory has been told to reduce his fat intake to less than 30% of his total calories. It has been recommended to him that he consume an average of 2000 kcals per day. How many grams of fat should he consume per day?

    <p>67 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functions of fat include all of the following except ________.

    <p>Build and repair tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that total fat intake should not exceed __________ of total calories and saturated fat intake be limited to _______ of total calories.

    <p>35%; 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Mediterranean Diet, the majority of fat in the diet is supplied by ________.

    <p>olive oil and olives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipoproteins are important for ________.

    <p>Transport of fats in the blood and lymphatic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipoproteins are important for the synthesis of triglycerides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chief contributors of saturated fatty acids in the U.S. diet include ________.

    <p>animal products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Americans eat more omega-3 fatty acids than omega-6 fatty acids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids with high saturated fatty acid content are ____________ at room temperature.

    <p>solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile?

    <p>cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are classified as _________ fatty acids.

    <p>essential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functions of protein include ________.

    <p>All of these are functions of protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body needs 18 different amino acids to function properly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The RDA for protein for most healthy adults is ________.

    <p>0.8 g/kg of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legumes are an excellent source of vegetable protein.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cory's dietary intake provides 90 grams of protein. His total energy intake is 2000 kcals. Approximately what percentage of his energy comes from protein?

    <p>18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who are attempting to build up their muscles need 3 times as much protein as those who are not building muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of ___________ chemically distinguishes protein from carbohydrate and fat.

    <p>nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized through a process called transamination.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cooking an egg destroys its physiological property by ________.

    <p>denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recommended amount of protein as a percentage of total energy intake is ________.

    <p>10-35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the recommended amount of protein for a 121-pound female?

    <p>44 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biological value of a food protein is a measure of ________.

    <p>How closely it meets amino acid needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moderate drinking is most accurately defined as up to 2 drinks per day for women and 3 drinks per day for men.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Binge drinking for a male is defined as having _______ or more drinks on a single occasion.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The alcohol content of an 80-proof tequila is _______.

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kilocalories and Nutrition Basics

    • A kilocalorie measures the amount of heat energy.
    • Overnutrition is a greater risk than undernutrition in the United States.
    • Dietary supplements are not rigorously regulated by the FDA; manufacturers are not required to prove safety before selling.
    • Water-soluble vitamins are excreted more readily compared to fat-soluble vitamins.

    Epidemiology and Nutrition Definitions

    • Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution in human populations.
    • Nutrition encompasses the science of food and nutrients, including their action and balance related to health.

    Dietary Factors and Nutritional Sources

    • Food choices in North America are largely influenced by appetite.
    • Phytochemicals are plant substances that offer health benefits.
    • Triglycerides are the major form of lipids in foods.
    • Nitrogen is an element found in proteins but absent in carbohydrates.

    Trusted Sources and Energy Yielding Nutrients

    • Registered dietitians are reliable sources of accurate nutrition information.
    • Energy-yielding nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
    • Carbohydrates can be sourced from grains, vegetables, and fruits.

    Nutrient Density and Daily Values

    • A nutritious meal is exemplified by a combination of fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.
    • The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) helps prevent chronic diseases and ensures essential nutrient intake.
    • The Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) reflects average daily nutrient needs.

    Food Labeling and Dietary Reference Intakes

    • The ingredients listed on food labels represent quantities from most to least.
    • Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) apply to populations in Canada and the U.S., categorized by age.
    • Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) indicate maximum nutrient intake levels unlikely to cause harm.

    Food Security and Nutrient Preservation

    • Food insecurity affects physical and mental health, especially in vulnerable populations such as children and women.
    • The U.S. government provides food assistance through programs like WIC and SNAP.
    • Nutrient content is affected by farming conditions, ripeness, and cooking methods.

    Digestion and Macronutrient Metabolism

    • Most digestion occurs in the small intestine, where bicarbonate ions neutralize stomach acid.
    • Protein digestion begins in the mouth with amylase, and dietary fiber promotes bowel health.
    • Bile, produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aids in fat digestion.

    Carbohydrates and Sugars

    • The human brain primarily uses glucose as fuel.
    • The Adequate Intake for dietary fiber is set at 14 g per 1000 kcal.
    • Important disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

    Alcohol and Metabolism

    • Moderate drinking is defined as up to one drink per day for women and two for men.
    • Binge drinking for men is defined as five or more drinks in one occasion.
    • Alcohol absorption occurs in both the stomach and small intestine, with the liver being the primary site for metabolism.

    Nutritional Deficiencies and Impacts

    • Excessive alcohol intake can lead to deficiencies in several vitamins, notably thiamin and niacin.
    • The relationship between protein intake and energy percentage indicates health status; the recommended protein intake is 10-35% of total energy.

    Essential Nutrients and Dietary Guidelines

    • Essential fatty acids include alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids.
    • Legumes are an excellent plant-based protein source.
    • Dietary guidelines recommend limiting saturated fat and total fat intake as a part of a healthy diet.

    Food Safety and Quality

    • The Environmental Protection Agency regulates public water supply safety.
    • Perishable foods should be stored out of the temperature danger zone (41°F to 135°F).
    • Foods labeled as fortified contain added nutrients beyond what is typically found.

    These notes condense critical concepts in nutrition while providing context around each fact for enhanced understanding and retention.

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