Nutrition Final Exam Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is type 1 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin.

A blood alcohol level of _____ is defined as legal intoxication in the U.S. and Canada.

0.08

The highest concentration of ethanol is found in ________.

Distilled spirits (correct)

Beer

Wine coolers

Wine

Compared to men, women absorb approximately 30-35% more unaltered alcohol from the stomach into the bloodstream.

True Signup and view all the answers

The main organ responsible for ethanol metabolism is the ________.

liver Signup and view all the answers

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is the thiamin deficiency disease that results from severe alcohol abuse.

True Signup and view all the answers

If Cory's 8-ounce margarita contains 20 grams of alcohol, how many kcals come from that amount of alcohol?

140 kcals Signup and view all the answers

Excessive alcohol intake can lead to deficiencies of niacin, thiamin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate.

True Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol absorption occurs in the ________.

stomach and small intestine Signup and view all the answers

The Krebs (citric acid) cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place in the cytosol of the cell.

False Signup and view all the answers

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) ________.

Picks up and delivers hydrogens to acceptor molecules Signup and view all the answers

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible.

True Signup and view all the answers

A kilocalorie measures the amount of heat energy.

True Signup and view all the answers

People in the United States today are more at risk for overnutrition than undernutrition.

True Signup and view all the answers

In the U.S., dietary supplements are rigorously regulated by the Food and Drug Administration.

False Signup and view all the answers

Water-soluble vitamins are excreted more readily than fat-soluble vitamins.

True Signup and view all the answers

The study of the distribution of disease in human populations is ________.

epidemiology Signup and view all the answers

Supplement manufacturers must prove the supplement is safe before they can sell it in the U.S.

False Signup and view all the answers

The science of food; the nutrients and substances therein; and their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease is a definition of ________.

nutrition Signup and view all the answers

In North America, food choices are guided mainly by ________.

appetite Signup and view all the answers

Phytochemicals are _____________.

plant substances that provide health benefits Signup and view all the answers

The major form of lipid in foods is a(n) ______.

triglyceride Signup and view all the answers

Which element is found in protein, but not in carbohydrates?

Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a dependable source for up-to-date, accurate nutrition information?

Registered dietician Signup and view all the answers

Energy-yielding nutrients include ________.

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are sources of carbohydrates?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Proteins can be described as ________.

made of building blocks called amino acids Signup and view all the answers

The following meal is nutrient-dense: medium apple, fat-free milk, turkey sandwich on whole-wheat bread, carrot slices.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) is a range of macronutrient intake associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for recommended intake of essential nutrients.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) reflects average daily needs?

Estimated Average Requirements Signup and view all the answers

A food label ingredient list reads in the following order: wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would be found in the smallest amount in this food?

Cornstarch Signup and view all the answers

Which is true about the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

All of these responses are true. Signup and view all the answers

If a can of soup provides 4 servings and has 100 kcal per serving, how many kcal are in the entire can?

400 Signup and view all the answers

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are ________.

the maximum daily intake level not likely to cause harmful effects Signup and view all the answers

To be defined as a 'good' source of a nutrient, a food must contain at least 20% of the Daily Value for that nutrient in 1 serving of the food.

False Signup and view all the answers

When vitamins and/or minerals are added to a food product in amounts in excess of at least 10% above that originally present in the product, the food is designated as ________.

fortified Signup and view all the answers

Jamie, a vegetarian, is trying to plan a healthy diet according to the USDA Food Patterns. Which protein foods would be the best nutrient choices for one day?

1/2 cup black beans, 2 tbsp peanut butter, 1 c spinach Signup and view all the answers

Factors that affect the amount of nutrients in foods include ________.

All of these factors affect nutrient content in food Signup and view all the answers

Which bread has the highest fiber content?

whole grain Signup and view all the answers

Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is set high enough to meet the needs of 97 to 98% of the population?

Recommended Dietary Allowances Signup and view all the answers

Which food group is typically consumed in amounts greater than recommended by the USDA?

Protein foods Signup and view all the answers

If a person consumed 35% of a diet providing 2500 kcal from protein, approximately how many grams of protein would be ingested?

219 Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its definition.

A. Clostridium perfringens = 5. Anaerobic bacterium that usually causes abdominal pain and diarrhea lasting 1 day or less B. Listeria Monocytogenes = 2. Bacterium that can cause premature death C. Clostridium botulinum = 3. Anaerobic bacterium that produces a neurotoxin that causes muscle weakness and paralysis, can be fatal D. Campylobacter jejuni = 4. Undercooked poultry and unpasteurized milk are sources of these bacterium. One of the leading causes of food borne illness in the U.S. E. Salmonella species = 1. Bacterium that lives in intestines of animals and humans, the consumption of undercooked eggs causes about 20% of cases Signup and view all the answers

Food insecurity is ________.

the inability to meet food needs all of the time Signup and view all the answers

Perishable foods should be held either below _ degrees F or above _ degrees F to keep them out of the temperature danger zone.

41; 135 Signup and view all the answers

The U.S. government assistance program that provides vouchers for food purchases to low-income pregnant women, infants, and children is ________.

The WIC program Signup and view all the answers

Bottled water is generally safer than tap water in the U.S.

False Signup and view all the answers

Fish most likely to contain methylmercury are ________.

large fish, such as shark and swordfish Signup and view all the answers

Compared to conventionally grown fruits and vegetables, those grown with organic farming methods contain significantly higher amounts of vitamins and minerals.

False Signup and view all the answers

Populations disproportionately affected by food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition include ________.

Young children and women Signup and view all the answers

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits ________.

Poor households that meet eligibility guidelines Signup and view all the answers

In the U.S., the _________ mandates that public water supplies be monitored regularly for microorganisms, chemicals, and various metals.

Environmental Protection Agency Signup and view all the answers

Most of the digestive processes occur in the ________.

small intestine Signup and view all the answers

A sensible idea for preventing constipation is to include more whole grain breads, beans, and apples in the diet.

True Signup and view all the answers

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the pancreas ________.

neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum Signup and view all the answers

Bile is formed in the _ and stored in the _.

liver; gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the cardiovascular system.

False Signup and view all the answers

Human digestion of food begins in the ___, where the enzyme _ breaks down a small amount of starch.

mouth; amylase Signup and view all the answers

Most of the water in the gastrointestinal tract is absorbed in the small intestine.

True Signup and view all the answers

At the beginning of a meal, the hormone _ is secreted from the stomach; this hormone controls the release of _.

gastrin; HCl Signup and view all the answers

Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by ________.

bacteria Signup and view all the answers

A coordinated muscular contraction that propels food along the GI tract is called ________.

peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

Gluten is best described as a carbohydrate found in wheat and related grains.

False Signup and view all the answers

Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include ________.

All of the responses are correct Signup and view all the answers

Low blood glucose is called , whereas high blood glucose is called .

hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is ________.

Starch Signup and view all the answers

Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to ________.

the liver Signup and view all the answers

Indigestible carbohydrates play a role in promoting bowel health and preventing obesity.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Adequate Intake for dietary fiber is set at 14 g/1000 kcal.

True Signup and view all the answers

If a food contains 148 kcals from carbohydrate, how many grams of carbohydrate is this?

37 g Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT usually associated with type 2 diabetes?

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas Signup and view all the answers

Three important disaccharides are ________.

maltose, sucrose, and lactose Signup and view all the answers

The human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly _________________ as fuel.

glucose Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of carbohydrate with its description.

Maltose = B. glucose+glucose Lactose = D. glucose+galactose Sucrose = A. fructose+glucose Amylose = C. many glucose molecules Signup and view all the answers

Cory has been told to reduce his fat intake to less than 30% of his total calories. It has been recommended to him that he consume an average of 2000 kcals per day. How many grams of fat should he consume per day?

67 g Signup and view all the answers

The functions of fat include all of the following except ________.

Build and repair tissue Signup and view all the answers

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that total fat intake should not exceed ____ of total calories and saturated fat intake be limited to _ of total calories.

35%; 10% Signup and view all the answers

In the Mediterranean Diet, the majority of fat in the diet is supplied by ________.

olive oil and olives Signup and view all the answers

Lipoproteins are important for ________.

Transport of fats in the blood and lymphatic system Signup and view all the answers

Lipoproteins are important for the synthesis of triglycerides.

False Signup and view all the answers

The chief contributors of saturated fatty acids in the U.S. diet include ________.

animal products Signup and view all the answers

Americans eat more omega-3 fatty acids than omega-6 fatty acids.

False Signup and view all the answers

Lipids with high saturated fatty acid content are ____________ at room temperature.

solid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile?

cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are classified as _________ fatty acids.

essential Signup and view all the answers

The functions of protein include ________.

All of these are functions of protein Signup and view all the answers

The body needs 18 different amino acids to function properly.

False Signup and view all the answers

The RDA for protein for most healthy adults is ________.

0.8 g/kg of body weight Signup and view all the answers

Legumes are an excellent source of vegetable protein.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cory's dietary intake provides 90 grams of protein. His total energy intake is 2000 kcals. Approximately what percentage of his energy comes from protein?

18% Signup and view all the answers

Individuals who are attempting to build up their muscles need 3 times as much protein as those who are not building muscles.

False Signup and view all the answers

The presence of ___________ chemically distinguishes protein from carbohydrate and fat.

nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized through a process called transamination.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cooking an egg destroys its physiological property by ________.

denaturation Signup and view all the answers

The recommended amount of protein as a percentage of total energy intake is ________.

10-35% Signup and view all the answers

What would be the recommended amount of protein for a 121-pound female?

44 g/day Signup and view all the answers

The biological value of a food protein is a measure of ________.

How closely it meets amino acid needs Signup and view all the answers

Moderate drinking is most accurately defined as up to 2 drinks per day for women and 3 drinks per day for men.

False Signup and view all the answers

Binge drinking for a male is defined as having _______ or more drinks on a single occasion.

5 Signup and view all the answers

The alcohol content of an 80-proof tequila is _______.

40% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Kilocalories and Nutrition Basics

A kilocalorie measures the amount of heat energy.
Overnutrition is a greater risk than undernutrition in the United States.
Dietary supplements are not rigorously regulated by the FDA; manufacturers are not required to prove safety before selling.
Water-soluble vitamins are excreted more readily compared to fat-soluble vitamins.

Epidemiology and Nutrition Definitions

Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution in human populations.
Nutrition encompasses the science of food and nutrients, including their action and balance related to health.

Dietary Factors and Nutritional Sources

Food choices in North America are largely influenced by appetite.
Phytochemicals are plant substances that offer health benefits.
Triglycerides are the major form of lipids in foods.
Nitrogen is an element found in proteins but absent in carbohydrates.

Trusted Sources and Energy Yielding Nutrients

Registered dietitians are reliable sources of accurate nutrition information.
Energy-yielding nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Carbohydrates can be sourced from grains, vegetables, and fruits.

Nutrient Density and Daily Values

A nutritious meal is exemplified by a combination of fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) helps prevent chronic diseases and ensures essential nutrient intake.
The Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) reflects average daily nutrient needs.

Food Labeling and Dietary Reference Intakes

The ingredients listed on food labels represent quantities from most to least.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) apply to populations in Canada and the U.S., categorized by age.
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) indicate maximum nutrient intake levels unlikely to cause harm.

Food Security and Nutrient Preservation

Food insecurity affects physical and mental health, especially in vulnerable populations such as children and women.
The U.S. government provides food assistance through programs like WIC and SNAP.
Nutrient content is affected by farming conditions, ripeness, and cooking methods.

Digestion and Macronutrient Metabolism

Most digestion occurs in the small intestine, where bicarbonate ions neutralize stomach acid.
Protein digestion begins in the mouth with amylase, and dietary fiber promotes bowel health.
Bile, produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aids in fat digestion.

Carbohydrates and Sugars

The human brain primarily uses glucose as fuel.
The Adequate Intake for dietary fiber is set at 14 g per 1000 kcal.
Important disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

Alcohol and Metabolism

Moderate drinking is defined as up to one drink per day for women and two for men.
Binge drinking for men is defined as five or more drinks in one occasion.
Alcohol absorption occurs in both the stomach and small intestine, with the liver being the primary site for metabolism.

Nutritional Deficiencies and Impacts

Excessive alcohol intake can lead to deficiencies in several vitamins, notably thiamin and niacin.
The relationship between protein intake and energy percentage indicates health status; the recommended protein intake is 10-35% of total energy.

Essential Nutrients and Dietary Guidelines

Essential fatty acids include alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids.
Legumes are an excellent plant-based protein source.
Dietary guidelines recommend limiting saturated fat and total fat intake as a part of a healthy diet.

Food Safety and Quality

The Environmental Protection Agency regulates public water supply safety.
Perishable foods should be stored out of the temperature danger zone (41°F to 135°F).
Foods labeled as fortified contain added nutrients beyond what is typically found.

These notes condense critical concepts in nutrition while providing context around each fact for enhanced understanding and retention.

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Test your knowledge on key nutrition concepts with these flashcards designed for your final exam. Each statement can be answered with true or false, helping you reinforce your understanding of overnutrition, dietary regulations, and vitamin solubility. Perfect for quick revision!

Nutrition Final Exam Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is type 1 diabetes?

A blood alcohol level of _____ is defined as legal intoxication in the U.S. and Canada.

The highest concentration of ethanol is found in ________.

Compared to men, women absorb approximately 30-35% more unaltered alcohol from the stomach into the bloodstream.

The main organ responsible for ethanol metabolism is the ________.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is the thiamin deficiency disease that results from severe alcohol abuse.

If Cory's 8-ounce margarita contains 20 grams of alcohol, how many kcals come from that amount of alcohol?

Excessive alcohol intake can lead to deficiencies of niacin, thiamin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate.

Alcohol absorption occurs in the ________.

The Krebs (citric acid) cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place in the cytosol of the cell.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) ________.

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible.

A kilocalorie measures the amount of heat energy.

People in the United States today are more at risk for overnutrition than undernutrition.

In the U.S., dietary supplements are rigorously regulated by the Food and Drug Administration.

Water-soluble vitamins are excreted more readily than fat-soluble vitamins.

The study of the distribution of disease in human populations is ________.

Supplement manufacturers must prove the supplement is safe before they can sell it in the U.S.

The science of food; the nutrients and substances therein; and their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease is a definition of ________.

In North America, food choices are guided mainly by ________.

Phytochemicals are _____________.

The major form of lipid in foods is a(n) ______.

Which element is found in protein, but not in carbohydrates?

Which of the following is a dependable source for up-to-date, accurate nutrition information?

Energy-yielding nutrients include ________.

Which of the following are sources of carbohydrates?

Proteins can be described as ________.

The following meal is nutrient-dense: medium apple, fat-free milk, turkey sandwich on whole-wheat bread, carrot slices.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) is a range of macronutrient intake associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for recommended intake of essential nutrients.

Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) reflects average daily needs?

A food label ingredient list reads in the following order: wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would be found in the smallest amount in this food?

Which is true about the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

If a can of soup provides 4 servings and has 100 kcal per serving, how many kcal are in the entire can?

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are ________.

To be defined as a 'good' source of a nutrient, a food must contain at least 20% of the Daily Value for that nutrient in 1 serving of the food.

When vitamins and/or minerals are added to a food product in amounts in excess of at least 10% above that originally present in the product, the food is designated as ________.

Jamie, a vegetarian, is trying to plan a healthy diet according to the USDA Food Patterns. Which protein foods would be the best nutrient choices for one day?

Factors that affect the amount of nutrients in foods include ________.

Which bread has the highest fiber content?

Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is set high enough to meet the needs of 97 to 98% of the population?

Which food group is typically consumed in amounts greater than recommended by the USDA?

If a person consumed 35% of a diet providing 2500 kcal from protein, approximately how many grams of protein would be ingested?

Match the term with its definition.

Food insecurity is ________.

Perishable foods should be held either below ___ degrees F or above ___ degrees F to keep them out of the temperature danger zone.

The U.S. government assistance program that provides vouchers for food purchases to low-income pregnant women, infants, and children is ________.

Bottled water is generally safer than tap water in the U.S.

Fish most likely to contain methylmercury are ________.

Compared to conventionally grown fruits and vegetables, those grown with organic farming methods contain significantly higher amounts of vitamins and minerals.

Populations disproportionately affected by food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition include ________.

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits ________.

In the U.S., the _________ mandates that public water supplies be monitored regularly for microorganisms, chemicals, and various metals.

Most of the digestive processes occur in the ________.

A sensible idea for preventing constipation is to include more whole grain breads, beans, and apples in the diet.

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the pancreas ________.

Bile is formed in the ___________ and stored in the ___________.

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the cardiovascular system.

Human digestion of food begins in the _______, where the enzyme _____ breaks down a small amount of starch.

Most of the water in the gastrointestinal tract is absorbed in the small intestine.

At the beginning of a meal, the hormone _______ is secreted from the stomach; this hormone controls the release of _______.

Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by ________.

A coordinated muscular contraction that propels food along the GI tract is called ________.

Gluten is best described as a carbohydrate found in wheat and related grains.

Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include ________.

Low blood glucose is called ____________, whereas high blood glucose is called ____________.

The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is ________.

Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to ________.

Indigestible carbohydrates play a role in promoting bowel health and preventing obesity.

The Adequate Intake for dietary fiber is set at 14 g/1000 kcal.

If a food contains 148 kcals from carbohydrate, how many grams of carbohydrate is this?

Which condition is NOT usually associated with type 2 diabetes?

Three important disaccharides are ________.

The human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly _________________ as fuel.

Match each type of carbohydrate with its description.

Cory has been told to reduce his fat intake to less than 30% of his total calories. It has been recommended to him that he consume an average of 2000 kcals per day. How many grams of fat should he consume per day?

The functions of fat include all of the following except ________.

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that total fat intake should not exceed __________ of total calories and saturated fat intake be limited to _______ of total calories.

In the Mediterranean Diet, the majority of fat in the diet is supplied by ________.

Perishable foods should be held either below _ degrees F or above _ degrees F to keep them out of the temperature danger zone.

Bile is formed in the _ and stored in the _.

Human digestion of food begins in the ___, where the enzyme _ breaks down a small amount of starch.

At the beginning of a meal, the hormone _ is secreted from the stomach; this hormone controls the release of _.

Low blood glucose is called , whereas high blood glucose is called .

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that total fat intake should not exceed ____ of total calories and saturated fat intake be limited to _ of total calories.