Nutrition Exam 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of nutrition?

The science of food, and the nutrients and other things it contains. The science of their action in relation to health and disease, including the processes by which the organism ingests, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excretes food substances. Study of human behavior related to food.

What are the four leading causes of death that are diet-related?

Heart Disease (correct)

Diabetes (correct)

Strokes (correct)

Cancers (correct)

What is the definition of malnutrition?

A medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient or excessive diet.

What are essential nutrients?

A nutrient required for normal body functioning that cannot be synthesized by the body. Signup and view all the answers

How is food energy measured?

Calories. 1 kcal = 1000 cal. Carbs - 4 cal/g, Fat - 9 cal/g, Protein - 4 cal/g. Signup and view all the answers

What are the five characteristics of a nutritious diet?

Adequacy Signup and view all the answers

What are the macronutrients?

Proteins, Lipids, Carbs. Signup and view all the answers

What affects food choices?

Advertising, availability & cost, emotional comfort, habit, personal preference, positive and negative associations, region of the country, social pressure, values/beliefs, body weight/image, nutrition and health benefits. Signup and view all the answers

How old is nutrition science as a discipline?

The first vitamin was discovered in 1897, and protein structure was understood in the mid-1940s. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the studies on rats performed by Funk regarding beriberi disease and brown rice.

He fed white rice to rats and they developed beriberi. He fed brown rice to rats and they did not develop beriberi. Brown rice has rice bran still attached to it, which contains vitamin B1. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of nutrition science research discussed?

Case studies, Epidemiological studies, Intervention studies, and Laboratory studies. Signup and view all the answers

What does DRI stand for?

Dietary Reference Intakes. Signup and view all the answers

What does RDA stand for?

Recommended Dietary Allowance. Signup and view all the answers

What does EAR stand for?

Estimated Average Requirement. Signup and view all the answers

What does AI stand for?

Adequate Intake. Signup and view all the answers

What does UL stand for?

Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Signup and view all the answers

Who do the DRIs apply to?

For healthy people in the US and Canada. Signup and view all the answers

How are DRI values established?

Balance study - measure intake and excretion of nutrient. When they are equal, assume the body is saturated. Signup and view all the answers

What are the DRI values on macronutrients?

EER - Estimated Energy Requirement; AMDRs - Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the composition of the diet in terms of macronutrients.

45-65% of calories from carbohydrates, 20-35% from fat, and 10-35% from protein. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrition Definition and Overview

Nutrition is the science of food, nutrients, and their roles in health and disease.
It involves processes such as ingestion, absorption, transportation, utilization, and excretion of food substances.

Heart Disease
Cancers
Strokes
Diabetes

Malnutrition

Defined as a medical condition resulting from an improper, insufficient, or excessive diet.

Essential Nutrients

Nutrients crucial for normal body function that the body cannot synthesize.

Food Energy Measurement

Energy from food is measured in calories, specifically kilocalories (1 kcal = 1000 cal).
Macronutrient energy yields:
- Carbohydrates: 4 cal/g
- Fats: 9 cal/g
- Proteins: 4 cal/g

Characteristics of a Nutritious Diet

Key aspects include Adequacy, Balance, Calorie control, Moderation, and Variety.

Macronutrients

Include Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates; these provide energy and building materials for body structures.

Factors Influencing Food Choices

Influenced by advertising, availability, cost, emotions, habits, personal preferences, associations, regional factors, social pressures, values/beliefs, body image, and health benefits.

History of Nutrition Science

Began with the discovery of the first vitamin in 1897 and progressed with understanding protein structure in the mid-1940s.

Research on Beriberi Disease

Funk's study involved feeding rats white rice leading to beriberi, while brown rice prevented its development, showcasing the importance of vitamin B1 found in rice bran.

Whole Grains

Whole grains refer to grains that include all parts of the seed, offering nutritional benefits compared to refined grains.

Scientific Method Steps

Steps include Observation & Question, Hypothesis & Prediction, Experiment, Results & Interpretations leading to Theory or new Observations/Questions.

Types of Nutrition Science Research

Case studies: Focus on individuals, do not show causality.
Epidemiological studies: Population-based research inform correlations but not causality.
Intervention studies: Clinical trials provide causal data and require considerable subject numbers for statistical strength.
Laboratory studies: Conducted in tight conditions to explore biological mechanisms of nutrients.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

DRI comprises specific nutrient intake standards established by US/Canada nutrition experts based on scientific evidence.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

RDA is the daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of almost all healthy individuals, based on solid experimental evidence.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

EAR is the average daily nutrient intake meeting the needs of 50% of healthy individuals within a specific life stage or gender.

Adequate Intake (AI)

AI represents the average nutrient intake of healthy individuals when RDA/EAR data is insufficient.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

UL is the maximum daily intake of a nutrient that poses no risk of adverse effects for most individuals.

Applicability of DRI

DRIs apply to healthy individuals in the US and Canada.

Establishing DRI Values

DRI values are determined through balance studies measuring nutrient intake and excretion.

Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs):
- Carbohydrates: 45-65% of total calories
- Fat: 20-35% of total calories
- Protein: 10-35% of total calories.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in nutrition with this set of flashcards. This quiz covers definitions of nutrition, its relation to health, and diet-related health issues. Ideal for students preparing for their nutrition exams.