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Nutrition Class Overview
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Nutrition Class Overview

Created by
@NoiselessMinneapolis4972

Questions and Answers

Which macronutrient yields the most energy per gram?

  • Alcohol
  • Lipids (correct)
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates

    • Micronutrients are required in larger amounts compared to macronutrients.

    False

    What does the acronym DRI stand for?

    Dietary Reference Intakes

    The maximum amount of nutrient consumption before it becomes toxic is called the ______.

    <p>Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the dietary terms with their descriptions:

    <p>EAR = Average amount sufficient for half the population RDA = Meets the needs of 98% of the population AI = Used when evidence is ongoing UL = Maximum consumption before toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors could influence food choices?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol is considered a nutrient necessary for health.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) aim to meet?

    <p>The needs of 98% of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

    <p>To measure energy required for normal body functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In general, males have a higher basal metabolic rate than females.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition can increase basal metabolic rate?

    <p>Cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The energy required to process food in the typical American diet is approximately ___ of the kilocalories ingested.

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of daily energy expenditure is attributable to resting metabolic rate in sedentary individuals?

    <p>50-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effect on BMR:

    <p>Age = Decreases with age Pregnancy = Increases BMR Thyroid status = Increases in hyperthyroidism Body temperature = Increases with fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diet-induced thermogenesis refers to the energy used during exercise.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated BMR for a 70 kg man?

    <p>1680 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate range of energy expenditure from physical activity for a very sedentary person?

    <p>30-50% of RMR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thermic effect of food is always included in calculations of daily energy expenditure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does AMDR stand for?

    <p>Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For lipids, the acceptable caloric intake range is ______%.

    <p>20-35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of daily caloric intake from carbohydrates is recommended?

    <p>45-65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the macronutrient with its acceptable percentage of caloric intake:

    <p>Carbohydrates = 45-65% Lipids = 20-35% Proteins = 10-35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two potential outcomes of malnutrition?

    <p>Under nutrition and over nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Engaging in several hours of heavy exercise per day requires about 100% or more of RMR.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one role of vitamin A in the body?

    <p>Antioxidant properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin A has no impact on gene expression in target tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released from the liver to transport retinol to peripheral tissues?

    <p>plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Retinol is oxidized to _________, which binds to specific receptor proteins in the nucleus.

    <p>retinoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>Night blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of vitamin A absorption and transport:

    <p>Retinyl esters = Released as retinol Chylomicrons = Transported in lymphatic system Liver = Storage site for vitamin A Retinol-RBP complex = Enters peripheral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carotenes are not involved in the production of retinol.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological role of retinoids in epithelial tissues?

    <p>Controlling the expression of the gene for keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is severe vitamin A deficiency most commonly associated with?

    <p>Xerophthalmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin A deficiency can lead to keratomalacia, characterized by a normal epithelium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of untreated xerophthalmia?

    <p>Blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive intake of vitamin A can cause a condition known as ______.

    <p>Hypervitaminosis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vitamin A deficiency symptoms with their descriptions:

    <p>Xerophthalmia = Pathologic dryness of conjunctiva and cornea Keratomalacia = Opaque cornea due to keratinized epithelium Decreased infection resistance = Due to keratinization of mucosal linings Hypervitaminosis A = Symptoms include dry skin and bone pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following may indicate a deficiency of vitamin A EXCEPT:

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin A deficiency can potentially cause iron deficiency-like anemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one dermatologic problem that can be treated with retinoic acid?

    <p>Acne or psoriasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classifications of Nutrients

    • Macronutrients: Essential substances needed in larger quantities; includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water.
    • Micronutrients: Vital vitamins and minerals required in smaller amounts.

    Energy Yielding Nutrients

    • Carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 kcal/g.
    • Lipids provide 9 kcal/g.
    • Alcohol provides 7 kcal/g but is a toxic substance, not classified as a nutrient.

    Energy Calculation Example

    • Total energy from 10g carbs (40 kcal), 5g protein (20 kcal), and 2g fats (18 kcal) equals 78 kcal.

    Factors Influencing Food Choices

    • Social Factors: Food availability during events (e.g., weddings), economic constraints, and convenience of fast foods.
    • Behavioral Factors: Emotional influences (stress, boredom), religious beliefs, and perceptions of body image.
    • Genetics: Influence on dietary preferences and behaviors.
    • Personal Preference: Taste preferences (sweet vs salty), upbringing influences, habitual consumption, and overall views on food.

    Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

    • Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Sufficient intake for half the population.
    • Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Covers dietary needs for 98% of the population.
    • Adequate Intake (AI): Set when evidence is limited; may eventually become RDAs.
    • Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL): Maximum daily intake before toxicity occurs, assisting in preventing over-consumption.

    Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

    • Energy required for basic bodily functions (e.g., breathing, circulation).
    • Affected by gender, body temperature, environmental temperature, thyroid status, pregnancy/lactation, and age.
    • Average BMR estimates: 1,800 kcal for men (70 kg) and 1,300 kcal for women (50 kg).

    Diet-Induced Thermogenesis

    • Increased metabolic rate post-consumption due to energy demands for digestion, absorption, and storage.
    • Energy expended can rise by up to 30% during food processing.
    • Typical American diet requires about 10% of caloric intake for thermogenesis.

    Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure

    • Energy expenditure varies significantly by type and intensity of physical activity.
    • Sedentary individuals may expend 30-50% of their BMR, while active individuals may expend 60-100% or more based on activity levels.

    Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)

    • Recommended caloric intake: 45-65% from carbohydrates, 20-35% from fats, and 10-35% from proteins.
    • Proper macronutrient balance helps prevent chronic diseases and malnutrition (deficiency and excess).

    Vitamin A Overview

    • Role: Antioxidant with potential cancer prevention and immune support.
    • Absorption and Transport: Vitamin A is absorbed in the intestines as retinyl esters, hydrolyzed to retinol, then transported by retinol-binding protein.

    Mechanism of Action of Vitamin A

    • Retinol converts to retinoic acid, influencing gene expression by interacting with nuclear receptors, affecting protein synthesis in epithelial tissues.

    Vitamin A Deficiency Effects

    • Night Blindness: Difficulty adapting to darkness and seeing in poor light.
    • Xerophthalmia: Severe deficiency leading to corneal damage, dryness, and potential blindness.
    • Skin Changes: Dry, rough skin due to excess keratin synthesis.

    Severe Vitamin A Deficiencies

    • Keratomalacia: Disorder with keratinization of cornea leading to blindness.
    • Increased susceptibility to infections and potential iron deficiency anemia.

    Vitamin A Toxicity (Hypervitaminosis A)

    • Occurs with excessive intake (over 7.5 mg/day).
    • Symptoms include dry skin, bone pain, nausea, and enlarged liver and spleen.

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    Description

    Explore the classifications of nutrients, including macronutrients and micronutrients, and their energy contributions. This quiz also examines factors influencing food choices such as social, behavioral, genetic, and personal preferences. Test your knowledge on the essentials of nutrition!

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