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Questions and Answers
All of the following are classified as macronutrients except
All of the following are classified as macronutrients except
- Fats
- Proteins
- Calcium (correct)
- Carbohydrates
By chemical analysis, what nutrient is present in the highest amounts in most foods?
By chemical analysis, what nutrient is present in the highest amounts in most foods?
Water
Refined grain products contain only the
Refined grain products contain only the
endosperm
Which of the following is a purpose of both the Recommended Dietary Allowance and Adequate Intake?
Which of the following is a purpose of both the Recommended Dietary Allowance and Adequate Intake?
Which of the following foods' kcalories would be considered as part of one's discretionary kcalorie allowance?
Which of the following foods' kcalories would be considered as part of one's discretionary kcalorie allowance?
The most highly fortified foods on the market are
The most highly fortified foods on the market are
An empty-kcalorie food is one that contains
An empty-kcalorie food is one that contains
Which of the following is a feature of the exchange list system?
Which of the following is a feature of the exchange list system?
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy?
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy?
On a food label, the '% Daily Value' table compares key nutrients per serving for a person consuming how many kcalories daily?
On a food label, the '% Daily Value' table compares key nutrients per serving for a person consuming how many kcalories daily?
What is the term that defines foods that contain bioactive components that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions?
What is the term that defines foods that contain bioactive components that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions?
What is the chief reason people choose the foods they eat?
What is the chief reason people choose the foods they eat?
Nutrient dense refers to foods that
Nutrient dense refers to foods that
Before publication in a reputable journal, the findings of a research study must undergo scrutiny by experts in the field according to a process known as
Before publication in a reputable journal, the findings of a research study must undergo scrutiny by experts in the field according to a process known as
A nutrient needed by the body and that must be supplied by foods is termed a(n)
A nutrient needed by the body and that must be supplied by foods is termed a(n)
What is the function of mucus in the stomach?
What is the function of mucus in the stomach?
What is a bolus?
What is a bolus?
Which of the following is a function of the intestinal microvilli?
Which of the following is a function of the intestinal microvilli?
What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?
What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?
Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?
Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?
In what organ does the digestion process begin?
In what organ does the digestion process begin?
One of the signs of constipation is
One of the signs of constipation is
Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty?
Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty?
Microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as
Microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as
Which of the following regulates the pH of the stomach?
Which of the following regulates the pH of the stomach?
Which of the following nutrients requires the greatest time for digestion?
Which of the following nutrients requires the greatest time for digestion?
What is reflux?
What is reflux?
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?
What is the function of bile?
What is the function of bile?
Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all of the following mechanisms except
Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all of the following mechanisms except
Which of the following describes a fatty acid that has one double bond?
Which of the following describes a fatty acid that has one double bond?
Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber?
Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber?
All of the following are sources of dietary carbohydrates except
All of the following are sources of dietary carbohydrates except
Approximately what percentage of the lipids in foods are triglycerides?
Approximately what percentage of the lipids in foods are triglycerides?
All of the following are methods used by food processors to stabilize the lipids in food products except
All of the following are methods used by food processors to stabilize the lipids in food products except
What is the composition of sucrose?
What is the composition of sucrose?
Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?
Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cholesterol?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cholesterol?
Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the
Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?
What is the primary function of insulin?
What is the primary function of insulin?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the blood cholesterol level?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the blood cholesterol level?
A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a
A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a
Which of the following is a component of all three dietary disaccharides?
Which of the following is a component of all three dietary disaccharides?
What lipoprotein is largest in size?
What lipoprotein is largest in size?
A common genetic variation which causes a change in the amino acid sequence in the structure of hemoglobin leads to the disease
A common genetic variation which causes a change in the amino acid sequence in the structure of hemoglobin leads to the disease
Which of the following is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another?
Which of the following is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another?
The conditions known as acidosis and alkalosis refer to a disruption of the body's
The conditions known as acidosis and alkalosis refer to a disruption of the body's
What process results in the hardening of an egg when it is exposed to heat?
What process results in the hardening of an egg when it is exposed to heat?
How many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins?
How many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins?
What element is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and fats?
What element is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and fats?
What is a 'limiting' amino acid in a protein?
What is a 'limiting' amino acid in a protein?
What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?
What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?
Upon eating a hamburger, in what organ is the hydrolysis of its proteins initiated?
Upon eating a hamburger, in what organ is the hydrolysis of its proteins initiated?
Which of the following proteins inactivates foreign bacteria and viruses?
Which of the following proteins inactivates foreign bacteria and viruses?
Which of the following would describe the state of nitrogen balance of a person who ingested 16 grams of food nitrogen and lost 19 grams of nitrogen?
Which of the following would describe the state of nitrogen balance of a person who ingested 16 grams of food nitrogen and lost 19 grams of nitrogen?
Which of the following statements is not characteristic of enzymes?
Which of the following statements is not characteristic of enzymes?
Tissue swelling that results from water accumulating between cells is known as
Tissue swelling that results from water accumulating between cells is known as
What is the chief function of pepsin?
What is the chief function of pepsin?
After digestion of proteins, what products are absorbed into the circulation?
After digestion of proteins, what products are absorbed into the circulation?
The hydrolysis of ATP that often occurs simultaneously with the synthesis of many compounds is an example of
The hydrolysis of ATP that often occurs simultaneously with the synthesis of many compounds is an example of
What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules?
What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules?
The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of
The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of
Why might the measurement of the resting metabolic rate in a person be somewhat higher than her basal metabolic rate?
Why might the measurement of the resting metabolic rate in a person be somewhat higher than her basal metabolic rate?
What is the approximate body mass index (BMI) of a woman who is 5'5" and 125 lbs?
What is the approximate body mass index (BMI) of a woman who is 5'5" and 125 lbs?
Which of the following describes an association between energy measurement and foods?
Which of the following describes an association between energy measurement and foods?
Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events on the complete oxidation of glucose?
Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events on the complete oxidation of glucose?
What is the most satiating macronutrient?
What is the most satiating macronutrient?
Approximately what percentage of the body's energy expenditure is furnished by amino acids?
Approximately what percentage of the body's energy expenditure is furnished by amino acids?
In what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes?
In what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes?
After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body?
After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body?
What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month?
What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month?
Which of the following can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat?
Which of the following can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat?
A feature of catabolic reactions is that they
A feature of catabolic reactions is that they
All of the following are among the functions of the liver except
All of the following are among the functions of the liver except
Study Notes
Macronutrients and Nutrients
- Macronutrients include fats, carbohydrates, and proteins; calcium is not classified as a macronutrient.
- Water is the nutrient present in the highest amounts in most foods.
- Refined grain products consist solely of the endosperm.
- Nutrient goals for individuals can be set using the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and Adequate Intake (AI).
- Foods high in discretionary calories include jam.
Food Features and Energy
- Breakfast cereals are the most highly fortified foods available.
- Empty-calorie foods provide excess energy with little nutritional value, lacking protein, vitamins, or minerals.
- The exchange list system groups foods by their carbohydrate, protein, and fat content.
- Fats provide the most energy per gram compared to proteins and carbohydrates.
Nutritional Guidelines and Labels
- The "% Daily Value" on food labels is based on a 2000 calorie diet.
- Functional foods contain bioactive components offering health benefits beyond basic nutrition.
- Taste is the primary factor influencing food choices.
Digestion and Absorption
- Nutrient-dense foods provide a high level of nutrients relative to calorie content.
- Peer review is the process that ensures research findings receive expert scrutiny before publication.
- Essential nutrients must be obtained from food, while mucus in the stomach protects cells from gastric juices.
- The process of swallowing involves creating a bolus, while partially digested food in the stomach is referred to as chyme.
Gastrointestinal System Functions
- The intestinal microvilli transport nutrient molecules.
- The lymphatic system removes fats from the intestines.
- Digestion begins in the mouth, and constipation is indicated by fewer than three bowel movements weekly.
- The stomach empties into the duodenum, and probiotics are beneficial microorganisms found in some foods.
Biochemical Processes
- Gastrin regulates stomach pH, and fats take the longest time to digest.
- Reflux is the backward flow of chyme in the digestive tract, while the epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
- Bile emulsifies fats aiding in digestion.
- Nutrient absorption occurs through various mechanisms, excluding transmigration.
Carbohydrates and Fats
- A fatty acid with one double bond is classified as a monosaturated fat.
- White rice contains the least fiber among common grains.
- Fish is not a source of dietary carbohydrates; most lipids in foods are triglycerides, comprising approximately 95%.
- Sucrose consists of one glucose and one fructose unit, also known as blood sugar or dextrose.
Proteins and Amino Acids
- Cholesterol is a precursor for bile and vitamin D synthesis.
- Enzymatic starch digestion occurs in both the mouth and small intestine.
- Glycogen stored primarily in muscle and liver tissues is critical for energy.
- Insulin's main role is to lower blood glucose levels.
Nutritional Balance and Measurements
- Dietary intake reduction of saturated fats is more effective than cholesterol reduction in lowering blood cholesterol.
- Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule.
- Glucose is a common component of all three dietary disaccharides, and chylomicrons are the largest lipoproteins.
- Sickle-cell anemia results from a genetic variation altering hemoglobin's amino acid sequence.
Protein Functions and Metabolism
- The side group differentiates one amino acid from another, and proteins (like antibodies) defend against bacteria and viruses.
- Negative nitrogen balance indicates protein intake is outpaced by nitrogen loss.
- Enzymes are catalysts with protein structures and can be denatured by heat.
- Edema refers to tissue swelling from water accumulation, while pepsin cleaves proteins into smaller peptides during digestion.
Energy and Metabolic Processes
- After protein digestion, free amino acids and some dipeptides and tripeptides enter circulation.
- Coupled reactions involve the simultaneous hydrolysis of ATP during compound synthesis.
- Anabolic reactions build complex molecules from simpler ones, while the Cori cycle relates lactate and glucose interconversion.
- Resting metabolic rate can be elevated due to recent food intake.
Body Composition and Weight Management
- BMI for a woman who is 5'5" and 125 lbs is approximately 21.
- Physiological fuel value of food is often lower than bomb calorimetry energy values.
- Complete oxidation of glucose follows glycolysis, TCA cycle, and electron transport chain.
- Protein is the most satiating macronutrient, contributing to energy expenditure by 10-15%.
Health Risks and Fat Storage
- Abdominal fat storage poses higher risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
- Glycogen stores are most depleted after a day of fasting, and excess intake of 500 calories daily for a month may lead to 4 lbs weight gain.
- Waist circumference is a useful measure of abdominal fat, while catabolic reactions release energy.
- The liver does not produce red blood cells but processes fructose, synthesizes urea and glycogen.
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Description
Test your knowledge of macronutrients and essential nutrients with this review of Nutrition Chapters 1-8. This quiz covers key concepts, nutrient definitions, and the composition of food. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of nutrition fundamentals.
