Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the acronym BMI stand for?
What does the acronym BMI stand for?
Body Mass Index
Which of these health problems are associated with childhood obesity?
Which of these health problems are associated with childhood obesity?
What percentage of a child's daily energy intake should come from saturated fats?
What percentage of a child's daily energy intake should come from saturated fats?
Less than 10%
Which of these is NOT an example of a nutritious, easy-to-grab food that a teen could have in the refrigerator?
Which of these is NOT an example of a nutritious, easy-to-grab food that a teen could have in the refrigerator?
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The recommended daily amount of calcium for a child between the ages of 6 and 11 is 1 cup of milk per day.
The recommended daily amount of calcium for a child between the ages of 6 and 11 is 1 cup of milk per day.
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The amount of energy a child needs from food increases slightly with age.
The amount of energy a child needs from food increases slightly with age.
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The RDA for total fat is 35% of a child's daily energy intake after age 1.
The RDA for total fat is 35% of a child's daily energy intake after age 1.
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Underweight children should eat foods that are low in calories and fat.
Underweight children should eat foods that are low in calories and fat.
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Teenagers are recommended to have 60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity.
Teenagers are recommended to have 60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity.
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Increased screen time has been linked to weight gain in teenagers.
Increased screen time has been linked to weight gain in teenagers.
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According to the provided text, what are the two most important factors that influence the growth and development of overweight children?
According to the provided text, what are the two most important factors that influence the growth and development of overweight children?
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In what age range does the adolescent growth spurt typically occur for males?
In what age range does the adolescent growth spurt typically occur for males?
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Pregnant women need to consume less than 10 mg of iron per day.
Pregnant women need to consume less than 10 mg of iron per day.
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What is the recommended amount of iron for a teenager?
What is the recommended amount of iron for a teenager?
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How much sugar is equal to 12 ounces of a soft drink?
How much sugar is equal to 12 ounces of a soft drink?
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How often should a teenager drink milk or milk products?
How often should a teenager drink milk or milk products?
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What is the name of the pyramid-shaped dietary guideline that provides nutritional advice for children?
What is the name of the pyramid-shaped dietary guideline that provides nutritional advice for children?
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What is the name of the organization that created the nutritional pyramid for preschoolers and kids?
What is the name of the organization that created the nutritional pyramid for preschoolers and kids?
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The [BLANK] committee recommends 30-40% of energy for children 1-3 years old.
The [BLANK] committee recommends 30-40% of energy for children 1-3 years old.
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Which of the following best describes what happens to a child's appetite around their first birthday?
Which of the following best describes what happens to a child's appetite around their first birthday?
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A child's need for [BLANK] increases based on energy intake.
A child's need for [BLANK] increases based on energy intake.
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It is important to ensure that children consume enough protein to maintain a nitrogen balance.
It is important to ensure that children consume enough protein to maintain a nitrogen balance.
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What is the recommended daily intake of vitamin D for children?
What is the recommended daily intake of vitamin D for children?
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Iron supplements should be used to replace protein in a child's diet.
Iron supplements should be used to replace protein in a child's diet.
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What are the two main factors that contribute to childhood obesity?
What are the two main factors that contribute to childhood obesity?
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What is the name of the index used to determine if a child is at risk of being overweight or obese?
What is the name of the index used to determine if a child is at risk of being overweight or obese?
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What are three examples of high-calorie foods that can be given to underweight children?
What are three examples of high-calorie foods that can be given to underweight children?
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What is the recommended daily screen time for children?
What is the recommended daily screen time for children?
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Teenagers often have regular eating habits.
Teenagers often have regular eating habits.
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What nutrient are teenagers recommended to take more of to increase calcium absorption?
What nutrient are teenagers recommended to take more of to increase calcium absorption?
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Peer pressure has little influence on teenagers' food choices during their adolescence.
Peer pressure has little influence on teenagers' food choices during their adolescence.
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What is the name of the eating pattern that is characterized by consuming a large amount of food within a short period of time, followed by a period of fasting?
What is the name of the eating pattern that is characterized by consuming a large amount of food within a short period of time, followed by a period of fasting?
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Teenagers have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than children.
Teenagers have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than children.
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Which of the following is a common symptom of a nutrient deficiency in children?
Which of the following is a common symptom of a nutrient deficiency in children?
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What are the two primary health concerns associated with excessive consumption of sugary beverages?
What are the two primary health concerns associated with excessive consumption of sugary beverages?
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Which of the following is not considered a healthy snack option for children?
Which of the following is not considered a healthy snack option for children?
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It is important to include some type of fat in children's diets because it is essential for growth and development.
It is important to include some type of fat in children's diets because it is essential for growth and development.
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During adolescence, males tend to have a greater increase in [BLANK] and [BLANK].
During adolescence, males tend to have a greater increase in [BLANK] and [BLANK].
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Girls typically start puberty before boys.
Girls typically start puberty before boys.
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What are some examples of physical activities that older children (6-12 years old) can engage in?
What are some examples of physical activities that older children (6-12 years old) can engage in?
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Teenagers who consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables have a lower risk of developing high blood pressure.
Teenagers who consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables have a lower risk of developing high blood pressure.
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What condition is often associated with high blood lipids?
What condition is often associated with high blood lipids?
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The number of overweight children has decreased significantly over the last three decades.
The number of overweight children has decreased significantly over the last three decades.
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Children and adolescents are categorized as being at risk of overweight if they fall above the [BLANK] percentile.
Children and adolescents are categorized as being at risk of overweight if they fall above the [BLANK] percentile.
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The use of drugs for weight loss in children is generally considered safe and effective.
The use of drugs for weight loss in children is generally considered safe and effective.
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Which of the following is not a possible characteristic of a child who has a nutrient deficiency?
Which of the following is not a possible characteristic of a child who has a nutrient deficiency?
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It is recommended for children to avoid foods that are nutrient dense but low in energy.
It is recommended for children to avoid foods that are nutrient dense but low in energy.
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Which of the following is not typically a behavior change that happens in a child who has a nutrient deficiency?
Which of the following is not typically a behavior change that happens in a child who has a nutrient deficiency?
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A child who is overweight is only considered obese if they fall above the 95th percentile on a BMI for age growth chart.
A child who is overweight is only considered obese if they fall above the 95th percentile on a BMI for age growth chart.
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Which of the following is a common consequence among children who are overweight and are growing older?
Which of the following is a common consequence among children who are overweight and are growing older?
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Teenagers are more likely to be overweight if both of their parents are obese.
Teenagers are more likely to be overweight if both of their parents are obese.
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What is a common reason why teenagers struggle to meet their emotional, intellectual, and social needs?
What is a common reason why teenagers struggle to meet their emotional, intellectual, and social needs?
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When teenagers choose to diet, they often choose the most effective and evidence-based methods.
When teenagers choose to diet, they often choose the most effective and evidence-based methods.
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Which of the following is not a common eating habit among teenagers?
Which of the following is not a common eating habit among teenagers?
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High school students should avoid caffeinated beverages after school.
High school students should avoid caffeinated beverages after school.
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What are the main reasons why teenagers tend to have a decreased consumption of milk?
What are the main reasons why teenagers tend to have a decreased consumption of milk?
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Peer influence often plays a role in shaping a teenager's food choices when eating away from home.
Peer influence often plays a role in shaping a teenager's food choices when eating away from home.
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While it is possible for a teenager to manage their weight with behavioral changes and healthy eating habits, it is not possible to achieve weight loss through surgery.
While it is possible for a teenager to manage their weight with behavioral changes and healthy eating habits, it is not possible to achieve weight loss through surgery.
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Which of the following is a common reason that teenagers may not be successful in a formal weight-loss program?
Which of the following is a common reason that teenagers may not be successful in a formal weight-loss program?
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Despite the challenges of adolescence, it is possible for teenagers to make healthy choices for themselves in areas like nutrition and diet.
Despite the challenges of adolescence, it is possible for teenagers to make healthy choices for themselves in areas like nutrition and diet.
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The majority of teenagers eat home-cooked meals.
The majority of teenagers eat home-cooked meals.
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Peer influence can be a positive force in encouraging teenagers to eat healthily.
Peer influence can be a positive force in encouraging teenagers to eat healthily.
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The most common reason for skipping breakfast is a teenager's preference for a later meal.
The most common reason for skipping breakfast is a teenager's preference for a later meal.
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It has been determined that consuming high-fat, calorie-dense snacks causes a significant increase in a child's weight gain.
It has been determined that consuming high-fat, calorie-dense snacks causes a significant increase in a child's weight gain.
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It is recommended to replace milk with fruit juice for teenagers.
It is recommended to replace milk with fruit juice for teenagers.
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Study Notes
Nutrition Through the Life Span: Childhood & Adolescence
- This chapter focuses on the nutritional needs of children and adolescents.
- The structure mirrors the previous chapter, but with nuanced differences.
- The chapter emphasizes the importance of balanced nutrition in supporting physical and academic performance.
- Proper nutrition aids in preventing various adult-onset diseases.
Nutrient Needs Change
- Nutritional needs are contingent upon rates of growth, activity levels, and other factors.
- Children's dietary needs change as they progress through developmental stages.
- Adequate nutrition is crucial in promoting physical and academic performance.
- Proper nutrition is vital in preventing adult health issues like obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and other degenerative diseases.
Early & Middle Childhood
- Growth rate slows after age one, but body continues to change rapidly.
- Bones lengthen, and muscles gain size and strength.
- The body experiences significant changes in terms of fat distribution, muscle development, and bone growth during this period.
Energy & Nutrient Needs
- Children's appetites exhibit dramatic fluctuations, particularly after their first birthday.
- Daily energy needs vary based on age and activity level.
- Example energy needs:
- 1 year: 800 kcal/day
- 6 years: 1600 kcal/day
- 10 years: 2000 kcal/day
- Inactive children are more prone to obesity.
- Vegans may face challenges meeting daily energy requirements.
Carbohydrate & Fiber
- The brain relies on glucose for energy.
- Glucose use by the brain remains relatively constant after age one.
- The average adult range of daily carbohydrate consumption applies to children, but fiber intake is adjusted based on energy needs.
- Fiber intake needs to be higher when a child/infant consumes high energy food.
- Children who consume a lower calorie intake require less fiber to prevent potential issues like constipation.
- Fiber needs increase with age. Examples:
- Age 1-3: 19 g/day
- Age 4-8: 25 g/day
- Age 9-13 (boys): 31 g/day
- Age 9-13 (girls): 26 g/day
- Age 14-18 (boys): 38 g/day
- Age 14-18 (girls): 26 g/day
Fat & Fatty Acids
- No Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) exists for total fat in children.
- Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendations:
- Children (1-3 years): 30-40% of energy from fat
- Children (4-18 years): 25-35% of energy from fat
Protein
- Protein requirements increase slightly with age due to growth and development.
- Maintaining nitrogen balance is important.
- Protein quality is crucial for optimal growth.
Vitamins & Minerals
- Vitamin and mineral requirements increase with age.
- A balanced diet can often meet these needs without supplements.
- Iron needs increase for growing children (7-10mg/day).
- Vitamin D also needs to be considered (10mcg/day).
Supplements
- Supplements are generally not required for well-nourished children, except for fluoride, iron, and vitamin D.
- The safety of some supplements for children may not be fully investigated yet.
Children's Food Choices
- Children's food choices should be nutritious and appealing.
- Limiting too much candy, cola, and concentrated sweets is important for preventing deficiencies and obesity.
- Underweight children may need higher calorie-dense foods (ice cream, pudding, whole-wheat crackers, and pancakes).
Recommended Daily Amounts for Each Food Group
- This chart provides estimates for different calorie intakes of children.
- Recommended amounts of food groups including fruit, vegetable, grains, meat, and legumes are listed.
Iron Deficiency
- Iron deficiency causes an energy crisis, negatively impacting mood, attention span, learning, and causing conduct disturbances.
- Brain function is affected before anemia becomes obviously visible.
- Prevention involves adequate iron intake (7-10 mg/day).
- Dietary sources like lean meats, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes, whole-grain, or enriched breads and cereals are pivotal.
Other Nutrient Deficiencies
- Deficiencies in other nutrients can lead to a range of behavioral and physical symptoms, including irritability, aggression, sadness, withdrawal, and being labeled as hyperactive, depressed, or unlikable.
Childhood Obesity
- Childhood obesity rates have risen significantly.
- BMI-for-age charts categorise children as overweight or at-risk based on percentile values.
Genetic & Environmental Factors
- Parental obesity significantly increases the risk of childhood obesity (80%).
- High fructose corn syrup, especially in soft drinks, can contribute to weight gain.
- Convenience foods and sedentary behavior (TV viewing, video games) negatively impact children's health and weight.
- Children who experience earlier puberty, shorter stature, and stockier builds may be at an increased risk of obesity.
Other Characteristics
- High blood lipids, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes are potential complications of childhood obesity.
- Respiratory diseases like asthma may also associated with childhood obesity.
- Overweight or obese children may experience discrimination and rejection, contributing to poor self-image and a sense of failure which might lead to a passive approach to life.
Prevention & Treatment
- Limiting sugar-sweetened beverages and punches, consuming fruits and vegetables, controlling portion sizes, consuming nutrient-dense foods, and eating breakfast are effective preventive measures for obesity.
- Family meals encourage healthier eating habits.
- Limiting screen time to a maximum of 2 hours per day, and encouraging daily physical activity (60 minutes) for children are also necessary.
Preschoolers & Older Children Activities
- This section outlines appropriate activities for young children (preschoolers) and older children (6 to 12 years old) to support their physical development and encourage healthy lifestyles.
Other Treatment
- Psychological support and behavioral changes form a baseline for treating obesity in children.
- More radical treatments like drugs and surgery are considered for severely obese patients.
- Surgical intervention is a consideration in extreme cases where the BMI is above 50.
- Other necessary criteria for surgery include issues related to weight like breathing difficulty, or a failure to control weight loss through conventional means over a six-month period.
The Teen Years
- Significant physical changes necessitate increased nutrient needs in adolescents.
- Mental and social demands further complicate healthy eating habits, leading to challenges in meeting teens' emotional, intellectual, and social needs.
- Teens frequently make their own nutritional decisions.
- Peer influence during this period tends to be profound in shaping their dietary choices.
- They may experiment with alcohol and extreme body ideals, leading them to try latest fad diets for immediate results.
Growth & Development
- Growth spurts are marked by rapid changes in height and weight during adolescence.
- Timing for these growth spurts varies between males (12-13 years old) and females (10-11 years old).
Teen Years (Energy & Nutrient Needs)
- Nutrient needs during the teen years are highly variable, influenced by growth rate, gender, and physical activity.
- Vitamin D requirements increase to support calcium absorption.
- Iron needs peak during the adolescent growth spurt.
- Calcium requirements are at their highest, motivating teens to consume calcium-rich foods (milk).
Food Choices & Health Habits
- Teens often exhibit irregular eating habits, relying heavily on quick snacks, fast food, and soft drinks (instead of milk or juice), thus leading to nutritional deficiencies.
- This contrasts with healthy eating habits (nutritious, easy-to-grab foods).
Foods & Beverages That Meet Recommended School Food Standards
- Guidelines for foods and beverages that meet school nutrition standards, focusing on limits for fats, sugars, and sodium.
- Portion sizes for each food and beverage.
Teen Eating Habits
- Many teens derive a significant portion of their daily energy from snacks.
- Most snacks are typically high in saturated fats, sodium, but low in fiber and vital nutrients like calcium, iron, and vitamin A.
- Frequent consumption of soft drinks with meals and snacks.
- Excessive soft drink consumption has links to weight gain.
- There’s a tendency to decrease milk consumption.
Teen Nutrition
- Teens frequently eat away from home, impacting their nutritional intake.
- Peer influence significantly impacts their nutritional decisions and food choices.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential nutritional needs of children and adolescents throughout various developmental stages. It highlights the importance of balanced nutrition in supporting physical growth and academic performance, along with its role in preventing adult-onset diseases. Test your knowledge on how dietary requirements change as children grow.
