Nutrition Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are proteins made up of?

Nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon.

How many proteins make up the body?

Thousands.

What are the basic functions of proteins?

Regulates and maintains body functions; provides essential form of nitrogen (in the form of amino acids).

In the developed world, the diet is typically low in protein.

False Signup and view all the answers

People in the developing world often experience protein deficiency.

True Signup and view all the answers

Aside from water, protein makes up the major part of the?

Lean body tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Proteins account for what percent of total body weight?

17%. Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What do amino acids contain that makes them unique from carbohydrates and fats?

Nitrogen bonded to carbon. Signup and view all the answers

What is the amino acid structure?

Central carbon, acid group, amino group, side group, hydrogen. Signup and view all the answers

The side group for each amino acid is?

Different! Signup and view all the answers

The proteins in our bodies are made up of how many different types of amino acids?

<ol start="20"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How many essential amino acids are there?

<ol start="9"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How many non-essential amino acids are there?

<ol start="11"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What connects amino acids together?

Peptide bond. Signup and view all the answers

What is a dipeptide?

Two amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is a tripeptide?

Three amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

Many amino acids form a?

Polypeptide bond. Signup and view all the answers

Protein primary structure is determined by?

The sequence of amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

Higher order protein structure causes the protein to?

Get into a specific shape. Signup and view all the answers

What is native conformation?

The act of the protein getting into a specific shape. Signup and view all the answers

What is denaturation?

Causes from heat, strong acids and bases, heavy metals, disrupts a protein's higher order structure. Signup and view all the answers

Where is DNA found and what does it determine?

Found in the cell's nucleus and determines the protein's primary structure. Signup and view all the answers

What is mRNA?

The information of the protein's primary structure gets transcribed into this. Signup and view all the answers

What kinds of jobs do proteins do?

Structural (muscle proteins, connective tissues), enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transport proteins, receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first process in sickle cell anemia?

Amino acid in the polypeptide in the hemoglobin gets changed. Signup and view all the answers

What changes in the second process of sickle cell anemia?

Amino acid's higher protein structure gets changed. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the third process of sickle cell anemia?

Amino acid is less effective. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the fourth process of sickle cell anemia?

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the RBC. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the fifth process of sickle cell anemia?

RBCs are now sickled shaped. Signup and view all the answers

Where does digestion begin for proteins?

Stomach. Signup and view all the answers

Where does pre-digestion begin for proteins?

Cooking, the heat denatures and softens the proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is gastrin?

A hormone that controls pepsin and stomach acid release. Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme?

In the stomach, it is partially digested proteins and other nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What does pepsin do?

Breaks peptide bonds of proteins resulting in protein fragments. Signup and view all the answers

What does CCK do?

Released in the small intestine, it stimulates the pancreas to release proteolytic enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

When is pepsin inactivated?

After CCK is released due to elevated pH. Signup and view all the answers

What are some functions of proteins in the body?

Producing vital body structures, maintaining fluid balance, acid-base balance, forming hormones and enzymes, immune function, forms glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What happens with protein inadequacy in the body?

Producing proteins slows down production, muscles, blood proteins, and vital organs decrease in size, brain resists breakdown. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs with fluid balance in relation to proteins?

Blood proteins attract fluids. Signup and view all the answers

What are some issues with high protein diets?

Stress on kidneys; calcium loss in urine. Signup and view all the answers

What cancer is high protein diets linked with?

Colon cancer, from processed red meats. Signup and view all the answers

What is a vegetarian?

A person who does not eat meat. Signup and view all the answers

What is a vegan?

No animal by-products. Signup and view all the answers

What is a semi-vegetarian?

May consume fish or poultry. Signup and view all the answers

What are complete proteins?

Animal proteins (high quality), contain all the essential amino acids in abundance. Signup and view all the answers

What are plant proteins?

Incomplete proteins (low quality), low in one or more of the amino acids in the individual plant product. Signup and view all the answers

What foods are low in the amino acid lysine?

Grains and nuts. Signup and view all the answers

What foods are low in amino acids and methionine?

Veggies and legumes. Signup and view all the answers

What are complementary proteins?

Combining two or more proteins to compensate for the deficiencies in the essential amino acids content of each protein. Signup and view all the answers

What do protein needs depend on?

If you are not growing, you only need enough protein to replace what you're losing daily. Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal protein breakdown?

What you are replacing daily; the goal is protein balance. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to satiety?

Protein provides the highest feeling of satisfaction after a meal. Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of protein do men typically take in?

100 grams. Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of protein do women typically take in?

65 grams. Signup and view all the answers

What is the food and nutrition board set amount of protein intake?

10-35%. Signup and view all the answers

When is protein needed for energy?

During prolonged exercise and calorie restriction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy for the body?

Cells primarily use carbs and fats because it is efficient. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to amino acids when glucose is low?

They can be converted to glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What happens with starvation?

Muscle wasting and edema results from protein breakdown. Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of proteins in hormones?

Communication between cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteins as enzymes?

Catalyzes reactions in the cells. Signup and view all the answers

How do proteins help in maintaining acid-base balance?

Acts as buffers, maintains pH within a narrow range, keeps the body slightly alkaline. Signup and view all the answers

What happens with protein inadequacy relating to fluid balance?

Fluid shifts into tissues, causing edema. Signup and view all the answers

How are amino acids absorbed?

Taken up by the capillaries, then taken to the liver by the portal vein. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Proteins Overview

Composed of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon.
Essential for body functions and the body's major component after water.

Protein Functions

Regulate and maintain biological processes.
Provide nitrogen through amino acids.
Essential roles include structural support, enzyme activity, hormone production, immune response, transport, and receptor functions.

Protein Consumption Patterns

Developed nations typically have a protein-rich diet.
Developing nations often suffer from protein deficiencies.

Protein Composition

Proteins account for roughly 17% of total body weight.
Made from 20 different amino acids, which include 9 essential and 11 non-essential amino acids.
Amino acids are unique due to their side groups.

Protein Structure

Primary structure defined by the sequence of amino acids.
Higher-order structure determines protein shape, crucial for function.
Denaturation disrupts protein structure; causes include heat and pH changes.

Protein Synthesis

DNA in the cell nucleus dictates primary protein structure.
mRNA transcription from DNA occurs, leading to protein translation in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Digestion and Absorption

Protein digestion begins in the stomach due to cooking (denaturation).
Gastrin hormone initiates pepsin secretion for protein breakdown.
CCK hormone triggers release of proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Results from a change in the amino acid sequence in hemoglobin, leading to altered structure and reduced function.

Consequences of Protein Deficiency

Can lead to muscle wasting, organ shrinkage, and impaired immune function.
Essential for maintaining fluid balance; deficiency can cause edema.

Protein Sources

Complete proteins (animal sources) contain all essential amino acids.
Plant proteins are often incomplete and may lack specific amino acids.
Combining different plant proteins can ensure a complete amino acid profile.

Protein Requirements

Daily intake varies by gender; men typically require around 100 grams while women need about 65 grams.
Recommended protein intake is 10-35% of total calories.

Special Functions of Protein

Can provide energy when carbohydrate intake is low.
Amino acids serve as precursors for glucose synthesis during starvation.
Critical for maintaining acid-base balance in physiological processes.

Health Considerations

High-protein diets can lead to kidney stress and increased calcium loss.
Linked to higher colon cancer risk, particularly from processed meats.

Amino Acid Absorption

Absorbed by capillaries, transported to the liver.
Utilized for protein synthesis, energy, or converted into fat and glucose.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering Chapter 6 of Nutrition. Learn about the composition of proteins, their functions in the body, and their significance in the diet of developed nations. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of nutritional science.