Nutrition Chapter 24 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the difference between essential and nonessential nutrients?

Essential nutrients must come from diet, while nonessential nutrients can be made from other nutrients.

What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients?

Macronutrients are needed in large amounts and provide energy, while micronutrients are needed in small amounts and play roles in various bodily functions.

Can the body synthesize any of the macronutrients for itself?

True

Can the body synthesize any of the micronutrients?

False Signup and view all the answers

How much energy is contained in a gram of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?

Carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 calories per gram, while fats provide 9 calories per gram. Signup and view all the answers

What carbohydrate is a major source of energy in the body?

Glucose is the primary carbohydrate used by the body as fuel. Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage form of glucose?

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose. Signup and view all the answers

How are fructose and galactose utilized as energy sources?

Fructose and galactose must first be converted to glucose before being utilized. Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids essential for?

Lipids are essential for energy, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and components of cellular structures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage form of fat?

Triglycerides are the major storage form of fat in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are two major components of triglycerides?

Glycerol and three fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats are solid at room temperature and have no double bonds, while unsaturated fats are liquid and contain double bonds. Signup and view all the answers

How are fats transported in the blood?

Fats are transported by various lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of each class of lipoprotein?

Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids; VLDL transports triglycerides; LDL transports cholesterol; HDL transports excess cholesterol to the liver. Signup and view all the answers

What is cholesterol needed for?

Cholesterol is needed for bile salts, steroid hormones, vitamin D, and is a major component of cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

Is the body's supply of cholesterol provided primarily by the diet?

False Signup and view all the answers

What organ is responsible for the majority of cholesterol metabolism?

Liver. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dietary saturated fat on cholesterol synthesis?

Saturated fatty acids stimulate cholesterol synthesis and inhibit its excretion from the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dietary unsaturated fats on cholesterol synthesis?

Unsaturated fatty acids enhance cholesterol excretion and reduce total cholesterol levels. Signup and view all the answers

What are essential amino acids?

Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must come from food. Signup and view all the answers

What is a complete protein?

Complete proteins are proteins that contain all essential amino acids, like those found in eggs, milk, and most meats. Signup and view all the answers

How are proteins used for energy?

Proteins can be transformed into energy or used to build body proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Why is protein as an energy source harder on the body than carbohydrates?

Protein is mainly used as an energy source during starvation; otherwise, carbohydrates are preferred. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the terms positive and negative nitrogen balance?

Positive nitrogen balance occurs when protein incorporation exceeds breakdown; negative balance occurs when breakdown exceeds incorporation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are absorbed with fats; water-soluble vitamins are absorbed with water and excess is excreted. Signup and view all the answers

When are fat-soluble vitamins considered toxic?

Fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic in excess, with specific thresholds for each vitamin. Signup and view all the answers

Why are excess water-soluble vitamins usually not toxic?

They are easily absorbed, and excess amounts are typically excreted by the kidneys. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important function of water-soluble vitamins?

Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamins are part of NAD and FAD?

Vitamin B3 is part of NAD, and vitamin B2 is part of FAD. Signup and view all the answers

What are minerals used for?

Minerals add strength to structures and act as ions in the blood and cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of metabolism?

<ol> <li>Digestion, 2) Anabolism, 3) Oxidation breakdown.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is the process of converting nutrients into ATP and releasing waste products. Signup and view all the answers

What are redox reactions?

Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons, where a reductant loses electrons and an oxidant gains them. Signup and view all the answers

What are oxidation reactions?

Oxidation reactions involve the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrients Overview

Essential nutrients must be obtained through diet; the body cannot synthesize them.
Nonessential nutrients can be made by the body from other nutrients.

Macronutrients vs Micronutrients

Macronutrients are required in large amounts and provide energy: includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water.
Micronutrients are needed in small amounts: includes vitamins and minerals, crucial for detoxification and disease prevention.

Energy Content of Macronutrients

Carbohydrates provide 4 calories/gram.
Proteins provide 4 calories/gram.
Fats provide 9 calories/gram.

Carbohydrates

Glucose is the primary carbohydrate utilized for ATP production.
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose; excess glucose converts to fat when glycogen stores are full.

Sweeteners and Absorption

Fructose and galactose are converted to energy after absorption; glucose requires sodium ions for transport.

Lipids

Essential for energy, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and structural components of membranes.
Major storage form of fat is triglyceride, made of glycerol and three fatty acids.
Saturated fats: solid at room temperature, no double bonds.
Unsaturated fats: liquid at room temperature, contains double bonds.

Lipoproteins

Chylomicrons transport dietary fats from intestines.
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) transport triglycerides from the liver.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) deliver cholesterol to tissues.
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) carry excess cholesterol back to the liver.

Cholesterol

Required for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, and is a component of cell membranes.
85% of blood cholesterol is synthesized by the liver, only 15% comes from diet.
Dietary saturated fats increase cholesterol synthesis; unsaturated fats aid in cholesterol excretion.

Amino Acids and Proteins

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be included in the diet.
Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids; sources include eggs, milk, fish, and most meats.

Protein Energy Utilization

Amino acids are either used to build proteins or converted to glucose or fat for energy.
Protein is used as an energy source primarily under starvation conditions.

Nitrogen Balance

Positive nitrogen balance occurs when protein retention exceeds breakdown, typical in growth or recovery.
Negative nitrogen balance indicates higher protein breakdown than synthesis, common during stress or inadequate intake.

Vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are absorbed with lipids; excess can lead to toxicity.
Water-soluble vitamins are easily excreted; toxicity is rare.
Important for energy metabolism—vitamins B3 (NAD) and B2 (FAD) are crucial coenzymes.

Minerals

Comprise 4% of body weight, add strength to structures, and function as ions in cells and blood.

Metabolic Stages

Stage One: Digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and nutrient absorption.
Stage Two: Anabolism occurs, building macromolecules from nutrients.
Stage Three: Oxidation in mitochondria produces ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.

Cellular Respiration

A series of metabolic processes converting energy from nutrients into ATP.

Redox and Oxidation Reactions

Redox reactions involve electron transfer; oxidants gain electrons, reductants lose them.
Oxidation involves gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.

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Test your knowledge on essential and nonessential nutrients, as well as macronutrients and micronutrients with these flashcards. This quiz will help you differentiate between the different types of nutrients and understand their significance in our diet.