Nutrition Basics Quiz

Study Notes

Nutrition: The science of food, nutrients, and how the body uses them.
Food: Any substance that provides nourishment to the body when consumed.
Nutrients: Chemical components in foods that are essential for bodily functions.
Essential Nutrients: Nutrients the body cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts and therefore must be obtained from food.
Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
Diet: The pattern of food and beverages consumed regularly.
Balanced Diet: Provides the recommended intake of all nutrients and a wide variety of foods.
Nutritional Assessment: A comprehensive evaluation to determine a person's nutritional status.
Nutritional Status: The condition of the body resulting from nutrient utilization.
Malnutrition: A state of nutritional imbalance, encompassing both undernutrition and overnutrition.
Undernutrition: Inadequate energy intake, lasting for prolonged periods.
Overnutrition: Excessive energy intake, lasting for prolonged periods.

Naturalistic Era (400 BC – AD 1750): Focused on using food for cosmetics and wound treatment. Early biblical writings referenced food and health.
Chemical and Analytical Era (1750 – 1900): Experiments conducted on human bodies and food consumption. Discovery of food metabolism and composition.
Biological Era (1900 – 1955): The term "vitamin" was coined, and water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins were discovered.
Cellular or Molecular Era (1955 – Present): Utilization of electron microscopes and ultracentrifuges. Nutrition breakthroughs, including research, dietary guidelines, and food policies.

Macronutrients: Required in large quantities (grams per day):
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Proteins
Micronutrients: Required in small quantities (milligrams or micrograms per day):
- Vitamins
- Minerals
Water: Essential for bodily functions.

Structure: CHO is arranged as monosaccharides or multiple monosaccharides. The simplest form is glucose.
Source: Produced in plants through photosynthesis.
Function:
- Energy source for the brain and muscles.
- Protein sparing action.
- Antiketogenic effect.
- Control of fat oxidation.
- Regulation of bowel movements, cholesterol, and glucose.
- Structural component of brain and nerve tissues.
- Detoxifying agent.

Simple Carbohydrates:
- Monosaccharides: The simplest sugars, cannot be broken down further.
  - Glucose: Body's primary fuel, obtained through starch digestion. Found in dextrose, grape sugar, and corn sugar.
  - Fructose: The sweetest of the monosaccharides, found in fruits, honey, and high-fructose corn syrup.