Questions and Answers
Which of the following is considered a macronutrient?
Micronutrients are required in larger amounts than macronutrients.
False
What are the two main classes of nutrients?
Macronutrients and Micronutrients
Proteins are often referred to as the body's __________.
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Match the following nutrients with their primary function:
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What is the main role of vitamins in the body?
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Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body.
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List two determinants of food choices.
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__________ is a nutrient that provides no energy but is crucial for all body functions.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of macronutrients?
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Which beverage is primarily recommended as the main choice?
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What is the correct order of the list of ingredients on food labels?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in Hazard Analysis Critical Control Plan (HACCP)?
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Which digestive process involves a muscle contraction that moves food through the digestive tract?
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What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of catabolism in metabolism?
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Which of the following is an example of a priority allergen?
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Which methods are associated with nutrient absorption in the body?
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What distinguishes food allergies from food intolerances?
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What is one important preventative measure for managing food allergies?
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What distinguishes interventional studies from observational studies?
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Which statement best describes causality?
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What are essential nutrients?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a healthy diet?
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What defines nutrient density?
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Why is it important to have a food guide?
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Canada's Food Guide 2019 emphasizes which of the following?
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What is the AMDR?
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What distinguishes experimental evidence from anecdotal evidence?
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Which foods are considered high in nutrient density?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Nutrition
- Nutrition explores the relationship between foods/nutrients and health, metabolism, disease, performance, and sport.
- It examines the reasons behind food choices and eating behaviors, emphasizing environmental factors.
The Science of Nutrition
- Recognized as a complex and dynamic field, integrating multiple disciplines:
- Chemistry
- Biology
- Biochemistry
- Physiology
- Genomics
- Epidemiology
- Medicine
- Public Health
- Psychology
- Sociology
- Food Science
- Food Systems
- Food Policy
- Gastronomy
- Culinary Arts
Nutrients
- Nutrients are substances derived from food essential for bodily functions.
- Functions include providing energy, aiding growth, maintaining body structures, and regulating physiological processes.
Nutrient Classification
- Essential nutrients: Required for normal growth and bodily functions, cannot be synthesized by the body.
- Non-essential nutrients: Can be synthesized internally; not required from diet.
Six Classes of Nutrients
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Macronutrients: Needed in large amounts. They include:
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Carbohydrates: Provides energy, vital for the nervous system and organs.
- Types: Simple (sugars) and Complex (starches and fiber).
- Proteins: Composed of amino acids, function as building blocks and perform various roles in the body.
- Lipids: Include saturated and unsaturated fats, cholesterol, and trans fats, essential for energy storage and metabolic functions.
- Water: Vital for all bodily processes but does not provide energy.
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Carbohydrates: Provides energy, vital for the nervous system and organs.
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Micronutrients: Required in smaller amounts, essential for facilitating numerous bodily functions.
- Vitamins: Organic compounds necessary for various biochemical processes.
- Minerals: Inorganic elements that play roles in processes like enzyme function and metabolic regulation.
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Non-nutrient substances: Such as phytochemicals and zoochemicals, which provide additional health benefits beyond basic nutrition.
Healthy Diet Principles
- A sound nutritional approach integrates the understanding of nutrient roles and requirements for optimal health and disease prevention.
- Nutrition plays a critical role in preventing diseases and promoting overall well-being.
Nutrition Research Types
- Interventional studies involve manipulation of variables to observe effects on outcomes.
- Observational studies involve observing and collecting data without altering any variables.
Experimental Evidence vs Observational Evidence vs Anecdotal Evidence
- Experimental evidence provides reliable scientific proof through structured research and experiments.
- Observational evidence observes phenomena without direct manipulation but remains credible.
- Anecdotal evidence consists of personal experiences or testimonies, often misleading.
Causality vs Association
- Causality indicates a direct influence of one factor on another, e.g., smoking causes lung cancer.
- Association refers to a correlation between two variables that are related but do not directly influence each other, e.g., increased ice cream sales and drowning rates due to hot weather.
Micronutrients vs Macronutrients
- Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals essential for various bodily functions.
- Macronutrients consist of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water, required in larger quantities.
Essential vs Non-Essential Nutrients
- Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food.
- Non-essential nutrients can be produced by the body and are not required in the diet.
Healthy Diet Characteristics
- Variety: Consume a diverse range of foods across different food groups.
- Balance: Match energy intake with physical activity while choosing nutrient-dense options.
- Moderation: Practice controlled portion sizes and avoid overconsumption.
Nutrient Density
- High nutrient density foods, like vegetables and whole grains, provide more nutrients relative to calories.
- Low nutrient density foods, such as cakes and sodas, offer fewer nutrients relative to calories consumed.
Healthy Eating Guidelines
- Encourage mindfulness in eating habits.
- Promote home cooking and enjoyment of meals with others.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)
- AMDR refers to the percentage range of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that contribute to a healthy diet.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
- DRIs provide guidelines for nutrient intake to support health and prevent deficiencies.
Importance of Food Guides
- Food guides aim to enhance health, ensure adequate nutrient intake, and mitigate nutrition-related diseases.
Canada’s Food Guide 2019
- Promotes healthy eating, focusing on food habits and beverage choices for optimal health.
Beverage Recommendations in Food Guide
- Water should be the primary beverage; unsweetened coffee, tea, and lower-fat milk options are also encouraged.
Food Labels
- Provide important information regarding food composition and marketing strategies.
Label Reading
- Ingredients are listed in descending order based on weight, highlighting the dominant components of the product.
Comparing Products Using Labels
- Consumers can use nutritional information on labels to make informed dietary choices.
Nutrient Claims
- Statements made by manufacturers about the level of nutrients in a food item.
Health Claims
- Claims that link a food, food component, or dietary supplement to reduced risk of a disease or health condition.
Food Safety
- Critical for ensuring health and preventing foodborne illnesses through proper handling and storage practices.
HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)
- A systematic approach to food safety focusing on preventing hazards by:
- Conducting hazard analysis.
- Identifying critical control points.
- Establishing critical limits.
- Monitoring critical control points.
- Implementing corrective actions.
- Maintaining record-keeping practices.
- Verifying procedures.
Digestive Organs and Functions
- Begins with the mouth (mechanical digestion); salivary amylase starts starch breakdown.
- Moves to the pharynx, down the esophagus via peristalsis.
- Stomach uses pepsin and gastric acid to continue breakdown; lined with mucus for protection.
- Food then enters small intestine with enzymes from the pancreas for further digestion and nutrient absorption.
- Water reabsorption occurs in the large intestine before waste elimination through the anus.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins that lower the activation energy necessary for chemical reactions.
Metabolism
- Metabolism comprises all chemical reactions aiding in life maintenance.
- Catabolism breaks down complex molecules to release energy.
- Anabolism involves synthesizing complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.
Methods of Absorption
- Nutrient absorption occurs through active transport, facilitated diffusion, passive diffusion, and osmosis.
Food Allergens (Priority Allergens)
- Common allergies include eggs, milk, peanuts, fish, tree nuts, soy, wheat, and others.
Allergies vs Intolerances
- Allergies can cause severe reactions affecting the nervous system, while intolerances generally lead to digestive discomfort and are milder.
Preventative Measures for Food Allergies
- Read food labels diligently and avoid cross-contamination.
- Practice proper handwashing techniques.
- Carry an epinephrine auto-injector for severe allergic reactions.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of nutrition, including essential nutrients, dietary choices, and their impact on health and disease prevention. Dive into the science behind nutrition and understand how it influences metabolism, performance, and overall well-being. Perfect for students in the Introduction to Nutrition course.
