Nutrition Basics: Energy and Carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

What are the main nutrients that the body uses for energy and how many kcal per gram do they provide?

  • Vitamins (7 kcal)
  • Lipids (9 kcal) (correct)
  • Protein (4 kcal) (correct)
  • Carbohydrates (4 kcal) (correct)

    • Which nutrient is the main source of fuel for cells, especially in the brain, nervous system, and red blood cells?

    Carbohydrates

    What is glycogen?

    A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose with a highly branched structure.

    What are the two forms in which carbohydrates are readily available?

    <p>Blood glucose and glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine recommend to obtain adequate energy?

    <p>45% to 65% of the calories we consume each day be from carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glucose?

    <p>A 6-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sugar?

    <p>A simple carbohydrate with the chemical composition (CH2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is starch?

    <p>A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fiber?

    <p>Substances in plant foods not digested by the processes in the stomach or small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as the basic unit of all carbohydrate structures?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common monosaccharides?

    <p>Glucose, fructose, and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major monosaccharide found in the body?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sucrose?

    <p>Fructose bonded to glucose; table sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fructose?

    <p>A 6-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is high-fructose corn syrup?

    <p>Corn syrup that has been manufactured to contain between 42% and 90% fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is galactose?

    <p>A 6-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lactose?

    <p>Glucose bonded to galactose; also known as milk sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are disaccharides?

    <p>Class of sugars formed by the chemical bonding of 2 monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to starch when a starch is broken down?

    <p>It forms maltose when broken down to 2 glucose molecules bonded together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fermentation?

    <p>The conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols, acids, and carbon dioxide without the use of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are polysaccharides also known as?

    <p>Complex carbohydrates or starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is amylose?

    <p>A digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is amylopectin?

    <p>A digestible branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amylose comprises about 20% of the digestible starch found in vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up the remaining 80% of digestible starches in your diet?

    <p>Amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cellulose?

    <p>A type of fiber; a complex carbohydrate in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes that break down starches to glucose and other related sugars act only at the beginning of a glucose chain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of amylopectin being a branched chain?

    <p>It provides many more sites for enzyme action, digesting more rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major storage sites for glycogen?

    <p>Liver and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fiber mostly made up of?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cellulose?

    <p>An undigestible nonfermentable straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemicellulose?

    <p>A nonfermentable fiber containing xylose, galactose, glucose, and other monosaccharides bonded together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pectin?

    <p>A viscous fiber containing chains of galacturonic acid and other monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mucilages?

    <p>A viscous fiber consisting of chains of galactose, mannose, and other monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lignins?

    <p>A nonfermentable fiber made up of a multiringed alcohol structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dietary fiber?

    <p>Fiber found in food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are whole grains?

    <p>Grains containing the entire seed of the plant, including the bran, germ, and endosperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nonfermentable fiber?

    <p>A fiber that is not metabolized by intestinal bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is viscous fiber?

    <p>A fiber that is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of viscous (soluble) fiber?

    <p>Pectins, gums, and mucilages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of nonfermentable (insoluble) fiber?

    <p>Cellulose in the skin of an apple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is functional fiber?

    <p>Fiber added to foods that has been shown to provide health benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are plant-based foods the best sources of starch?

    <p>Plants store glucose in the form of starches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fiber is found in many of the same foods as starch (whole grains, beans, and potatoes).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are soluble fibers found?

    <p>In the skins and flesh of many fruits and berries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can individuals with low natural dietary fiber intake obtain health benefits?

    <p>Fiber supplements or additives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are foods with moderate amounts of carbohydrate calories?

    <p>Peas, broccoli, oatmeal, dry beans, and fat-free milk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In foods with carbohydrate calories, what is the carbohydrate content diluted by?

    <p>Either by protein or by fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the top 10 foods with the highest percentage of carbohydrates?

    <ol> <li>Table sugar (99.9%) 2. Hard candies (98-99%) 3. Sugary cereals (90-93%) 4. Dried fruits (75-90%) 5. Cakes (84%) 6. Low-fat crackers (82%) 7. Jams (64-68%) 8. Hash browns (35%) 9. Low-fat dressings (32%) 10. Pizza (22-30%)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 5 subgroups of vegetables organized by nutrient content?

    <ol> <li>Dark green 2. Starchy 3. Red and orange 4. Beans and peas 5. Other</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What key nutrients do dairy products provide and what benefits do they provide?

    <p>Calcium, potassium, vitamin D, and protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sugars provide calories and sweetness, while sugar alcohols only provide calories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of sugar alcohols?

    <p>Sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, maltitol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of alternative sweeteners?

    <p>Stevia, luo han guo, aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin, sucralose, neotame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What food offers essentially the same nutritional value as other simple sugars?

    <p>Honey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sorbitol?

    <p>Alcohol derivative of glucose that yields about 3 kcal/g.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is xylitol?

    <p>Alcohol derivative of the 5-carbon monosaccharide xylose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)?

    <p>Estimate of the amount of a sweetener that an individual can safely consume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is saccharin?

    <p>Alternative sweetener that yields no energy to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was saccharin thought to increase the risk of based on laboratory studies?

    <p>Bladder cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aspartame?

    <p>Alternative sweetener made of 2 amino acids and methanol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of aspartame?

    <p>2 amino acids: phenylalanine and aspartic acid; methanol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspartame causes tooth decay.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

    <p>Disease caused by a defect in the liver's ability to metabolize phenylalanine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sucralose?

    <p>Alternative sweetener that has chlorines in place of hydroxyl groups on sucrose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neotame?

    <p>General-purpose, nonnutritive sweetener that is approximately 7000 to 13000 times sweeter than sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acesulfame K?

    <p>Alternative sweetener that yields no energy to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stevia?

    <p>Alternative sweetener derived from South American shrub.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be viewed as the start of carbohydrate digestion?

    <p>Food preparation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to starches when they're heated?

    <p>The starch granules start to swell as they soak up water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does enzymatic digestion of starch take place?

    <p>It begins in the mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is amylase?

    <p>Starch-digesting enzyme from the salivary glands or pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does most carbohydrate digestion and absorption take place?

    <p>In the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is maltase?

    <p>An enzyme that digests maltose to 2 glucoses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sucrase?

    <p>An enzyme that digests sucrose to glucose and fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lactase?

    <p>An enzyme that digests lactose to glucose and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lactose maldigestion?

    <p>Primary lactose maldigestion occurs when lactase production declines without reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the world that has the primary form of lactose maldigestion?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lactose intolerance?

    <p>A condition where symptoms appear due to severe lactose maldigestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults in North America show signs of decreased lactose digestion?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have studies shown about individuals with decreased lactase production?

    <p>They can tolerate 1/2 to 1 cup of milk with meals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obtaining enough calcium and vitamin D from the diet is much easier if milk and milk products are included.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How will combining lactose-containing foods with other foods help an individual obtain enough calcium and vitamin D?

    <p>Certain properties of foods can enhance digestion rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of carbohydrate absorption?

    <ul> <li>Glucose and galactose follow an active absorption process.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after the liver metabolizes the monosaccharides and transforms it into glucose?

    <ul> <li>It releases glucose into the bloodstream.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy and Nutrients

    • Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/g, lipids 9 kcal/g, and protein 4 kcal/g.
    • Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source for cells, especially for the brain, nervous system, and red blood cells.

    Glycogen

    • Glycogen is a branched carbohydrate made of glucose units, stored in the liver and muscles, serving as the body's glucose reservoir.

    Forms of Carbohydrates

    • Available carbohydrate forms include blood glucose and glycogen.
    • Recommended intake from carbohydrates: 45% to 65% of daily calories.

    Sugars and Their Types

    • Glucose is a 6-carbon monosaccharide, commonly found in a ring form and as dextrose in blood.
    • Sucrose is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose, commonly known as table sugar.
    • Lactose consists of glucose and galactose, primarily found in milk.
    • Maltose is formed from two glucose molecules.

    Fiber and Types

    • Fiber consists of indigestible plant substances that add bulk to feces, divided into:
      • Dietary fiber (natural in foods)
      • Functional fiber (added to food for health benefits)
    • Types of fiber include cellulose (undigestible), hemicellulose, pectin, mucilages, and lignins, with varying fermentability.

    Starch and Its Composition

    • Starch is a digestible carbohydrate made of glucose units.
    • Amylose (straight-chain) and amylopectin (branched-chain) are digestible starch types, with amylopectin comprising about 80% of starches in the diet.

    Health Benefits of Fiber

    • Plant-based foods are rich sources of starch and fiber; beans, grains, and vegetables are ideal for health benefits.
    • Fiber can be soluble (viscous, like pectins) or insoluble (non-fermentable, like cellulose).

    Sweeteners and Alternative Sweeteners

    • Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylose, and maltitol are used in diet foods, providing fewer calories than sucrose.
    • Alternative sweeteners include stevia, aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose, which vary greatly in sweetness and sources.

    Digestion of Carbohydrates

    • Carb digestion begins during food preparation (cooking), continues in the mouth with salivary amylase, and primarily occurs in the small intestine.
    • Enzymes like maltase, sucrase, and lactase break down disaccharides and polysaccharides.

    Lactose and Intolerance

    • Primary lactose maldigestion affects 75% of the world, though not all exhibit symptoms; lactose intolerance leads to digestive issues upon consuming dairy.
    • Adults in North America show decreased lactose digestion in 25% of cases.

    Metabolism and Absorption of Carbohydrates

    • Glucose and galactose are absorbed actively, while fructose uses facilitated diffusion.
    • The liver metabolizes monosaccharides into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream for energy use or storage.

    General Notes

    • Foods with high carbohydrate content include table sugar, sugary cereals, and baked goods, with sugar providing energy and sweetness.
    • Successfully combining lactose-containing foods with non-dairy foods can aid nutrient absorption and digestion.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of energy and nutrients with a focus on carbohydrates. Learn about the different forms of carbohydrates, their functions, and recommended intake levels. This quiz covers essential sugars, glycogen, and fiber types crucial for a balanced diet.

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