Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the main nutrients that the body uses for energy and how many kcal per gram do they provide?
What are the main nutrients that the body uses for energy and how many kcal per gram do they provide?
- Vitamins (7 kcal)
- Lipids (9 kcal) (correct)
- Protein (4 kcal) (correct)
- Carbohydrates (4 kcal) (correct)
Which nutrient is the main source of fuel for cells, especially in the brain, nervous system, and red blood cells?
Which nutrient is the main source of fuel for cells, especially in the brain, nervous system, and red blood cells?
Carbohydrates
What is glycogen?
What is glycogen?
A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose with a highly branched structure.
What are the two forms in which carbohydrates are readily available?
What are the two forms in which carbohydrates are readily available?
What does the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine recommend to obtain adequate energy?
What does the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine recommend to obtain adequate energy?
What is glucose?
What is glucose?
What is sugar?
What is sugar?
What is starch?
What is starch?
What is fiber?
What is fiber?
What serves as the basic unit of all carbohydrate structures?
What serves as the basic unit of all carbohydrate structures?
What are the most common monosaccharides?
What are the most common monosaccharides?
What is the major monosaccharide found in the body?
What is the major monosaccharide found in the body?
What is sucrose?
What is sucrose?
What is fructose?
What is fructose?
What is high-fructose corn syrup?
What is high-fructose corn syrup?
What is galactose?
What is galactose?
What is lactose?
What is lactose?
What are disaccharides?
What are disaccharides?
What happens to starch when a starch is broken down?
What happens to starch when a starch is broken down?
What is fermentation?
What is fermentation?
What are polysaccharides also known as?
What are polysaccharides also known as?
What is amylose?
What is amylose?
What is amylopectin?
What is amylopectin?
Amylose comprises about 20% of the digestible starch found in vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice.
Amylose comprises about 20% of the digestible starch found in vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice.
What makes up the remaining 80% of digestible starches in your diet?
What makes up the remaining 80% of digestible starches in your diet?
What is cellulose?
What is cellulose?
Enzymes that break down starches to glucose and other related sugars act only at the beginning of a glucose chain.
Enzymes that break down starches to glucose and other related sugars act only at the beginning of a glucose chain.
What is the result of amylopectin being a branched chain?
What is the result of amylopectin being a branched chain?
What are the major storage sites for glycogen?
What are the major storage sites for glycogen?
What is fiber mostly made up of?
What is fiber mostly made up of?
What is cellulose?
What is cellulose?
What is hemicellulose?
What is hemicellulose?
What is pectin?
What is pectin?
What are mucilages?
What are mucilages?
What are lignins?
What are lignins?
What is dietary fiber?
What is dietary fiber?
What are whole grains?
What are whole grains?
What is nonfermentable fiber?
What is nonfermentable fiber?
What is viscous fiber?
What is viscous fiber?
What is an example of viscous (soluble) fiber?
What is an example of viscous (soluble) fiber?
What is an example of nonfermentable (insoluble) fiber?
What is an example of nonfermentable (insoluble) fiber?
What is functional fiber?
What is functional fiber?
Why are plant-based foods the best sources of starch?
Why are plant-based foods the best sources of starch?
Fiber is found in many of the same foods as starch (whole grains, beans, and potatoes).
Fiber is found in many of the same foods as starch (whole grains, beans, and potatoes).
Where are soluble fibers found?
Where are soluble fibers found?
How can individuals with low natural dietary fiber intake obtain health benefits?
How can individuals with low natural dietary fiber intake obtain health benefits?
What are foods with moderate amounts of carbohydrate calories?
What are foods with moderate amounts of carbohydrate calories?
In foods with carbohydrate calories, what is the carbohydrate content diluted by?
In foods with carbohydrate calories, what is the carbohydrate content diluted by?
What are the top 10 foods with the highest percentage of carbohydrates?
What are the top 10 foods with the highest percentage of carbohydrates?
What are the 5 subgroups of vegetables organized by nutrient content?
What are the 5 subgroups of vegetables organized by nutrient content?
What key nutrients do dairy products provide and what benefits do they provide?
What key nutrients do dairy products provide and what benefits do they provide?
Sugars provide calories and sweetness, while sugar alcohols only provide calories.
Sugars provide calories and sweetness, while sugar alcohols only provide calories.
What are the different types of sugar alcohols?
What are the different types of sugar alcohols?
What are the different types of alternative sweeteners?
What are the different types of alternative sweeteners?
What food offers essentially the same nutritional value as other simple sugars?
What food offers essentially the same nutritional value as other simple sugars?
What is sorbitol?
What is sorbitol?
What is xylitol?
What is xylitol?
What is Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)?
What is Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)?
What is saccharin?
What is saccharin?
What was saccharin thought to increase the risk of based on laboratory studies?
What was saccharin thought to increase the risk of based on laboratory studies?
What is aspartame?
What is aspartame?
What are the components of aspartame?
What are the components of aspartame?
Aspartame causes tooth decay.
Aspartame causes tooth decay.
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
What is sucralose?
What is sucralose?
What is neotame?
What is neotame?
What is acesulfame K?
What is acesulfame K?
What is stevia?
What is stevia?
What can be viewed as the start of carbohydrate digestion?
What can be viewed as the start of carbohydrate digestion?
What happens to starches when they're heated?
What happens to starches when they're heated?
Where does enzymatic digestion of starch take place?
Where does enzymatic digestion of starch take place?
What is amylase?
What is amylase?
Where does most carbohydrate digestion and absorption take place?
Where does most carbohydrate digestion and absorption take place?
What is maltase?
What is maltase?
What is sucrase?
What is sucrase?
What is lactase?
What is lactase?
What is lactose maldigestion?
What is lactose maldigestion?
What is the percentage of the world that has the primary form of lactose maldigestion?
What is the percentage of the world that has the primary form of lactose maldigestion?
What is lactose intolerance?
What is lactose intolerance?
What percentage of adults in North America show signs of decreased lactose digestion?
What percentage of adults in North America show signs of decreased lactose digestion?
What have studies shown about individuals with decreased lactase production?
What have studies shown about individuals with decreased lactase production?
Obtaining enough calcium and vitamin D from the diet is much easier if milk and milk products are included.
Obtaining enough calcium and vitamin D from the diet is much easier if milk and milk products are included.
How will combining lactose-containing foods with other foods help an individual obtain enough calcium and vitamin D?
How will combining lactose-containing foods with other foods help an individual obtain enough calcium and vitamin D?
What is the process of carbohydrate absorption?
What is the process of carbohydrate absorption?
What happens after the liver metabolizes the monosaccharides and transforms it into glucose?
What happens after the liver metabolizes the monosaccharides and transforms it into glucose?
Study Notes
Energy and Nutrients
- Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/g, lipids 9 kcal/g, and protein 4 kcal/g.
- Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source for cells, especially for the brain, nervous system, and red blood cells.
Glycogen
- Glycogen is a branched carbohydrate made of glucose units, stored in the liver and muscles, serving as the body's glucose reservoir.
Forms of Carbohydrates
- Available carbohydrate forms include blood glucose and glycogen.
- Recommended intake from carbohydrates: 45% to 65% of daily calories.
Sugars and Their Types
- Glucose is a 6-carbon monosaccharide, commonly found in a ring form and as dextrose in blood.
- Sucrose is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose, commonly known as table sugar.
- Lactose consists of glucose and galactose, primarily found in milk.
- Maltose is formed from two glucose molecules.
Fiber and Types
- Fiber consists of indigestible plant substances that add bulk to feces, divided into:
- Dietary fiber (natural in foods)
- Functional fiber (added to food for health benefits)
- Types of fiber include cellulose (undigestible), hemicellulose, pectin, mucilages, and lignins, with varying fermentability.
Starch and Its Composition
- Starch is a digestible carbohydrate made of glucose units.
- Amylose (straight-chain) and amylopectin (branched-chain) are digestible starch types, with amylopectin comprising about 80% of starches in the diet.
Health Benefits of Fiber
- Plant-based foods are rich sources of starch and fiber; beans, grains, and vegetables are ideal for health benefits.
- Fiber can be soluble (viscous, like pectins) or insoluble (non-fermentable, like cellulose).
Sweeteners and Alternative Sweeteners
- Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylose, and maltitol are used in diet foods, providing fewer calories than sucrose.
- Alternative sweeteners include stevia, aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose, which vary greatly in sweetness and sources.
Digestion of Carbohydrates
- Carb digestion begins during food preparation (cooking), continues in the mouth with salivary amylase, and primarily occurs in the small intestine.
- Enzymes like maltase, sucrase, and lactase break down disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Lactose and Intolerance
- Primary lactose maldigestion affects 75% of the world, though not all exhibit symptoms; lactose intolerance leads to digestive issues upon consuming dairy.
- Adults in North America show decreased lactose digestion in 25% of cases.
Metabolism and Absorption of Carbohydrates
- Glucose and galactose are absorbed actively, while fructose uses facilitated diffusion.
- The liver metabolizes monosaccharides into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream for energy use or storage.
General Notes
- Foods with high carbohydrate content include table sugar, sugary cereals, and baked goods, with sugar providing energy and sweetness.
- Successfully combining lactose-containing foods with non-dairy foods can aid nutrient absorption and digestion.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of energy and nutrients with a focus on carbohydrates. Learn about the different forms of carbohydrates, their functions, and recommended intake levels. This quiz covers essential sugars, glycogen, and fiber types crucial for a balanced diet.
