Nutrition and Medication Administration

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Questions and Answers

What is the study of nutrition?

The study of how food nourishes the body, including how nutrients are handled and the impact of behavior and environment on nourishment.

Which nutrients are essential for the body's growth, development, and recovery from illness or injury?

  • Macronutrients
  • Dietary guidelines
  • Micronutrients
  • Essential nutrients (correct)

Which of the following are considered macronutrients?

  • Minerals
  • Water (correct)
  • Carbohydrates (correct)
  • Fats (correct)
  • Protein (correct)
  • Vitamins

Which of these nutrients supply energy to the body?

<p>Fats (A), Carbohydrates (C), Protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal weight recommended for optimal health?

<p>IBW (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person's energy intake exceeds their energy expenditure, they will lose weight.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a more reliable indicator of ideal body weight by health professionals?

<p>BMI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The formula for calculating BMI is ______

<p>Weight (kg) / [Height (m)]^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the physical factors influencing nutrition?

<p>Stage of development (e.g., infancy, adolescence, pregnancy) and state of health (illness, trauma).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a period of intense growth and development?

<p>Stage of development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can illness or trauma affect nutrient requirements?

<p>Illness and trauma can alter nutrient requirements depending on the intensity and duration of the condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some medications can alter taste buds, potentially affecting food choices and intake.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sociocultural and psychosocial factors can influence food choices?

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The USDA dietary guidelines recommend maximizing the consumption of foods with added sugars and fats.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some ways to improve nutritional status?

<p>Maintain a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and consume adequate amounts of vitamin D, calcium, potassium, and fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin D is important for the synthesis of calcium, which is crucial for bone health.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of fiber in the diet?

<p>Supporting bowel movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some ways to reduce the risk of foodborne illness?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a sign of overnutrition or obesity?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the nursing interventions used for managing nutrition?

<p>Screening patients for nutritional risk, observing intake and appetite, assisting with eating, administering enteral and parenteral feedings, consulting with dietitians and physicians, and providing education on nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of anthropometric data in assessing nutrition?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a NPO diet?

<p>To minimize the risk of aspiration before surgery, procedures, or tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of a soft diet?

<p>Promoting easy chewing and digestion of food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a pureed diet?

<p>Foods are processed into a smooth, thick consistency similar to baby food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ADA diet focuses on controlling total calories and carbohydrate intake.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of a renal diet?

<p>Reduced protein, increased carbohydrates, decreased sodium, and decreased potassium, along with controlled fluid intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between enteral and parenteral nutrition?

<p>Enteral nutrition delivers nutrients to the GI tract via a tube bypassing the mouth, whereas parenteral nutrition provides nutrients directly into the bloodstream via a vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is administered intravenously through a central vein.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a potential risk associated with parenteral nutrition?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) is typically used to prevent nutritional imbalance rather than correct it.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using a nasogastric tube for enteral feeding?

<p>To deliver liquid formula into the stomach and bypass the mouth and esophagus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enteral feeding tube is surgically placed directly into the stomach?

<p>Gastrostomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is nutrition?

The study of how food provides nourishment to the body, including how nutrients are processed and the influence of behavior and environment on the process.

What are nutrients?

Specific biochemical substances required by the body for growth, development, activity, reproduction, lactation, health maintenance, and recovery.

What are essential nutrients?

Nutrients that must be provided in the diet or through supplements, providing energy and building tissues.

What are macronutrients?

Nutrients needed in large amounts to provide energy.

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What are micronutrients?

Nutrients needed in smaller amounts to regulate body processes.

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What are the four main macronutrients?

Water, carbohydrates, fats, and protein.

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What are the two main types of micronutrients?

Vitamins and minerals.

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What is ideal body weight (IBW)?

The optimal weight for ideal health.

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What is body mass index (BMI)?

A more reliable indicator of body weight and overall health.

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How does the stage of development influence nutrition?

Periods of rapid growth and development that increase nutritional needs, such as infancy, adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation.

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How does the state of health influence nutrition?

Illness and trauma can alter nutrient requirements based on the intensity and duration of stress.

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How do medications influence nutrition?

Medications can affect taste buds, GI tract pH, GI motility, intestinal mucosa, and nutrient absorption.

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What are some physical, sociocultural, and psychosocial factors that influence food choices?

Economic factors, cultural and religious beliefs, traditions, food ideology, education, and social status can all influence food choices.

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What is a dietary history?

A comprehensive assessment of a patient's dietary habits, medical history, and socioeconomic status.

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What is a physical assessment in nutrition?

An assessment that focuses on the physical appearance of the skin, hair, nails, eyes, and mucous membranes to reveal potential nutritional deficiencies.

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What are the laboratory data used in nutritional assessment?

Laboratory tests that measure serum protein levels, hemoglobin and hematocrit, BUN, and creatinine, providing insights into nutritional status.

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What are the factors included in a nutritional status assessment?

Factors that influence a patient's nutritional status, including their usual dietary intake, food allergies or intolerances, food preparation and storage practices, and any eating disorder patterns.

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What are the key recommendations from the USDA dietary guidelines?

Dietary guidelines that emphasize plant-based foods, reduced intake of added sugars and fats, regular exercise, and consumption of foods rich in vitamin D, calcium, potassium, and fiber.

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What is malnutrition?

A state of inadequate nutrition, often resulting from insufficient intake of essential nutrients.

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What is overnutrition?

A state of overconsumption of nutrients, leading to excess body weight and associated health risks.

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What is undernutrition?

A state of insufficient nutrient consumption, leading to inadequate body weight and potential health risks.

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What is obesity?

A condition characterized by a body weight 20% or more above the ideal weight or having a BMI of 30 or more.

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What are some of the nursing interventions related to nutrition?

Screening patients at home for nutritional risk, observing intake and appetite, evaluating tolerance to food, assisting with eating, administering enteral and parenteral feedings, consulting with a dietitian and physician, addressing potential drug-nutrient interactions, obtaining additional food or snacks, monitoring food brought by visitors, participating in nutrition education efforts, and monitoring nutritional status.

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What is anthropometric data?

Measurements used to determine body dimensions, such as height, weight, and circumference.

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What is a nothing-by-mouth (NPO) diet?

A diet that restricts oral food and fluid intake, often ordered before surgeries or procedures to minimize aspiration risk.

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What is a soft diet?

A diet consisting of easily chewed, swallowed, and digested foods.

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What is a pureed diet?

A diet where foods are processed in a blender or food processor to a smooth, thick consistency.

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What is an American Diabetic Association (ADA) diet?

A balanced meal plan based on calorie and carbohydrate counting, often recommended for individuals with diabetes.

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What is a renal diet?

A diet that restricts protein, increases carbohydrates, limits sodium and potassium, and controls fluid intake.

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What is enteral nutrition?

The delivery of liquid formula directly into the GI tract through a tube, bypassing the mouth, esophagus, and sometimes the stomach.

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What is parenteral nutrition?

A form of nutritional support that delivers nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a vein.

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What is total parenteral nutrition (TPN)?

A highly concentrated solution of nutrients administered through a central vein for patients with severe malnutrition, burns, bowel disorders, or other critical conditions.

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What is peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN)?

A less concentrated form of parenteral nutrition administered through a peripheral vein for preventing or managing mild nutritional imbalances.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Explain concepts and principles related to medication administration and basic physiological needs of patients regarding nutrition.

Nutrition

  • Study of how food nourishes the body.
  • Includes the study of how nutrients are handled by the body.
  • Considers the impact of human behavior and environment on nourishment.

Nutrients

  • Specific biochemical substances used by the body.
  • Essential for growth, development, activity, reproduction, lactation and health maintenance/recovery.
  • Must be provided in the diet or through supplements.
  • Supply energy and build tissue.

Macronutrients

  • Water
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Protein

Micronutrients

  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Required in smaller amounts to regulate and control body processes
  • Needed in milligrams or micrograms

Body Mass and Body Weight

  • Ideal body weight (IBW): Optimal weight recommended for optimal health.
  • If energy intake does not equal energy expenditure, weight fluctuates.
  • Body mass index (BMI): More reliable indicator by health professionals.
  • More preferred method to establish ideal body weight for adults and children.
  • Measurement of waist circumference (adults only).

BMI Interpretation

  • BMI < 18.5: Below normal weight
  • BMI ≥ 18.5 and < 25: Normal weight
  • BMI ≥ 25 and < 30: Overweight
  • BMI ≥ 30 and < 35: Class I Obesity
  • BMI ≥ 35 and < 40: Class II Obesity
  • BMI ≥ 40: Class III Obesity

Factors Influencing Nutrition: Physiological and Physical Factors

  • Stage of Development: Periods of intense growth (infancy, adolescence, pregnancy, lactation) increase nutrition needs.
  • State of Health: Illness and trauma alter nutrient requirements depending on intensity and duration of stress. (e.g., sickness, taste alteration)

Factors Influencing Nutrition: Medications

  • Some medications change taste buds.
  • Change the pH of the GI tract.
  • Increase GI motility.
  • Damage intestinal mucosa.
  • Bind with nutrients, making them unavailable to the body.

Factors Influencing Nutrition: Socio-Cultural and Psychosocial Factors

  • Economics
  • Culture and religion (influence permissible food choices)
  • Tradition and food ideology
  • Education
  • Social status

Nutritional Assessment: Dietary History

  • Dietary assessment
  • Medical assessment
  • Socioeconomic assessment

Nutritional Assessment: Physical Assessments

  • Focus on skin, hair, nails, eyes, and mucosa.
  • Support with lab tests and dietary data.

Nutritional Assessment: Laboratory Data

  • Serum proteins (prealbumin, total protein)
  • Hemoglobin and hematocrit
  • BUN and creatinine
  • Low albumin indicates high risk for skin breakdown; this declines with age.

Nutritional Assessment: Nutritional Status Factors

  • Usual dietary intake
  • Food allergies or intolerances
  • Food preparation and storage
  • Eating disorder patterns

Dietary Guidelines USDA

  • Shift to plant-based foods.
  • Reduce foods with added sugars and fats.
  • Exercise regularly.
  • Consume foods daily with vitamins D, calcium, potassium, and fiber.

Altered Nutrition:

  • Malnutrition
  • Overweight/Obesity (20% above ideal weight or BMI 30+)

Nursing Interventions

  • Screen patients for nutritional risk at home.
  • Observe intake and appetite.
  • Evaluate patient tolerance.
  • Assist with eating.
  • Administer enteral and parenteral feedings.
  • Consult with dietitian and physician.
  • Address potential drug-nutrient reactions.
  • Provide more food if needed.
  • Monitor food brought in by visitors.
  • Participate in nutrition education.

Special Diets

  • Nothing by Mouth (NPO): Restricted oral food and fluid intake (before surgery, procedures, or tests).
  • Soft Diet: Easily chewed, swallowed, and digested foods (promotes mechanical digestion).
  • Pureed Diet: Foods blended to a thick consistency.
  • American Diabetic Association (ADA) Balanced Meals: Balanced meals based on total calories and carb count (45-60 grams/meal).

Other Relevant Information

  • Enteral Nutrition: Liquid formula delivered to the GI tract (bypassing the mouth). Used for patients with a functioning GI tract but issues with swallowing.
  • Parenteral Nutrition: (TPN, IV hyperalimentation) Delivering nutrients intravenously (high flow central veins) used for those with severe nutritional issues, conditions, or where GI tract is unable to function.

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