3-Surgical Metabolism
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Questions and Answers

Which nutrient is primarily considered as the fuel source for the brain?

  • Glycerol
  • Ketone bodies (correct)
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids

What happens to the nutritional state of hospitalized patients over time?

  • Nutritional state worsens with length of hospitalization (correct)
  • Nutritional state remains unchanged
  • Nutritional state fluctuates randomly
  • Nutritional state improves with length of hospitalization

How are nutritional parameters reported in modern hospitals compared to low-grade hospitals?

  • More accurate in low-grade hospitals
  • More accurately reported in modern hospitals (correct)
  • Equally accurate in both types of hospitals
  • Less accurate in modern hospitals

Which of the following conditions characterizes Kwashiorkor?

<p>Severe protein deficiency with adequate calorie intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of malnutrition during hospitalization?

<p>Impaired utilization of nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a defining characteristic of Marasmus?

<p>Results from extensive caloric and protein deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does prolonged malnutrition often lead to in hospitalized patients?

<p>Increased risk of infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the condition of malnutrition in modern healthcare?

<p>Malnutrition is frequently overlooked despite being common (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to be a consequence of decreased absorption of water and electrolytes in the colon of malnourished patients?

<p>Possible cause of diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the nutritional assessment for diagnosing malnutrition?

<p>Immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely state associated with inadequate nutrient intake over an extended period?

<p>Hypermetabolic state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological function may be altered due to changes in the intestinal barrier?

<p>Altered absorptive function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a result of reduced glomerular filtration in malnourished patients?

<p>Increased morbidity and mortality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of malnutrition, what is true about Marasmus?

<p>It results from inadequate intake over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the effects of malnutrition on hospital stays?

<p>Extended hospital stays associated with complications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does malnutrition have on immune functions?

<p>Weakens immune functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason malnutrition is rare in modern hospitals in developed countries?

<p>Improved healthcare systems and facilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of hospitalized patients in underdeveloped countries show evidence of malnutrition?

<p>Up to 80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is chronic malnutrition referred to in adults?

<p>Cachexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option is a characteristic of marasmus?

<p>Progressive decrease in metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of treatment, what is emphasized for individuals with malnutrition?

<p>Standard nutrition support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a mixed/polydeficient state indicate in terms of clinical course?

<p>Symptoms of chronic malnutrition with stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is protein energy malnutrition best defined?

<p>Chronic malnutrition resulting from inadequate nutrient intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically exacerbates the condition of a patient with chronic malnutrition?

<p>Stressful events like surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is NOT typically recommended for malnourished patients?

<p>Immediate intravenous hydration only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical implication of untreated malnutrition over time?

<p>Decreased metabolic rates leading to complications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of marasmus?

<p>Normal or reduced metabolic rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is typically associated with marasmus?

<p>Impaired nutrient delivery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of marasmus?

<p>Major surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the nutritional status of a patient be accurately assessed?

<p>With a thorough physical examination and history taking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with marasmus often exhibit which type of catabolism?

<p>Compensated protein catabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complicates the nutritional delivery in patients with marasmus?

<p>Gut obstruction or inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In assessing marasmus, what aspect of protein metabolism is crucial?

<p>Compensated protein catabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the nutritional defect in marasmus is accurate?

<p>Nutritional defect relates to impaired nutrient delivery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes marasmus?

<p>Marasmus is associated with impaired delivery of nutrients. (A), Marasmus usually results from the effects of sepsis and peritonitis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the conditions related to malnutrition screening tools?

<p>Survey methods used in screening tools are easily accessible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of kwashiorkor?

<p>It is linked to impaired nutrient delivery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which weight change criteria indicate a significant risk of malnutrition?

<p>Weight loss of 10% or more over 6 months. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios is most likely to lead to marasmus?

<p>Long-term inadequate oral intake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern associated with an inadequate intake of a balanced diet in adults?

<p>Reduced protein storage capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cachexia most commonly associated with?

<p>Inadequate energy and protein intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes kwashiorkor?

<p>Acute malnutrition associated with rapid protein needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In surgical patients, what usually triggers acute malnutrition?

<p>Enhanced metabolic rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant indicator of severe malnutrition?

<p>Weight loss over 20% in the past three months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence may arise if a malnourished patient does not receive adequate nutrition therapy?

<p>Impaired immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with increased energy and protein needs in patients experiencing acute malnutrition?

<p>Hypermetabolic state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does severe malnutrition impact surgical patients specifically?

<p>It may lead to poor wound healing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be a common cause of inadequate dietary intake in surgical patients?

<p>Increased stress levels due to trauma or surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of surgical patients are reported to be chronically malnourished?

<p>5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chronic Malnutrition

A condition where the body's nutritional needs are not met due to a lack of intake of essential nutrients, primarily protein and energy, over a prolonged period.

Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

The state of having insufficient protein and energy in the body, leading to a decline in overall health and functionality.

Marasmus

A severe form of malnutrition that happens gradually over time, characterized by a significant loss of muscle mass and body fat, resulting in a thin and emaciated appearance.

Acute Malnutrition

A type of malnutrition that occurs when there is a sudden and significant lack of nutrients, often due to a stressful event like surgery or burns.

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Progressive Adaptation

A condition where the body adapts to prolonged nutritional insufficiency by decreasing its metabolic rate to conserve energy and protein stores.

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Cachexia

A state of severe muscle wasting and weakness that occurs with chronic malnutrition, particularly in adults.

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Mixed/Polydeficient Malnutrition

A type of malnutrition that combines features of both chronic and acute malnutrition, characterized by a combination of symptoms from both types.

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Treatment of Malnutrition

The course of treatment for malnutrition will vary depending on the severity and cause of the condition, with a focus on replenishing nutrients, managing complications, and addressing underlying illnesses.

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Prognosis of Malnutrition

The likelihood of a successful outcome in treating malnutrition is dependent on factors such as the severity of the condition, the presence of complicating factors, and the effectiveness of the treatment provided.

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Malnourished Patient

A state of being malnourished and needing nutritional intervention.

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Changes in Intestine Function

The intestine is directly impacted, leading to changes in its function. This includes impaired absorption of nutrients, altered digestion, and a weakened immune system.

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Colon's Reduced Absorption

The colon's ability to absorb water and electrolytes is reduced, leading to increased secretion. This can contribute to diarrhea in malnourished individuals.

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Reduced Glomerular Filtration

The process of filtering waste products in the kidneys is reduced.

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Reduced Cardiac Function

The heart's ability to pump blood effectively is weakened.

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Increased Morbidity

Malnutrition leads to increased vulnerability to infections and diseases, making the body more susceptible to sickness.

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Increased Mortality

The risk of death is higher in malnourished individuals due to weakened immunity and compromised organ function.

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Normal Metabolic Rate in Marasmus

The patient's metabolic rate remains normal, unlike other forms of malnutrition where metabolic rates are high.

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Malnutrition

A condition characterized by a deficiency of essential nutrients, causing impaired physical and cognitive development. It can result from inadequate intake, malabsorption, or increased nutrient requirements, leading to various health consequences.

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Glucose

The primary fuel source for the brain, essential for energy production and metabolic processes.

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Ketone bodies

Specialized molecules that serve as an alternative energy source for the brain during extended periods of fasting or starvation. They are produced in the liver from fatty acids when glucose supplies are limited.

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Kwashiorkor

A severe form of malnutrition characterized by a chronic deficiency of protein and calories, resulting in wasting of muscle tissue and impaired growth. Often associated with edema and skin lesions.

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Protein Catabolism

The breakdown of muscle protein to provide amino acids for energy production when the body's energy stores are depleted. This process is often activated during starvation or other stress conditions.

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Compensated Protein Catabolism

A compensated state of protein catabolism occurs when the body can effectively access and utilize protein to maintain energy balance and prevent further muscle wasting. This is typically seen in individuals with adequate dietary protein intake and stable energy requirements.

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Uncompensated Protein Catabolism

An uncompensated state of protein catabolism occurs when the body's ability to access and utilize protein for energy is compromised, resulting in accelerated muscle wasting and severe nutritional deficiencies. This is often seen in individuals with severe illness, trauma, or inadequate dietary protein intake.

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Overweight/Obesity

A state where a person is too heavy for their height due to an imbalance between energy consumed and energy expended.

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Hypermetabolic State

The increased metabolic rate experienced by the body during stress, leading to higher energy and protein requirements.

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Slow Wound Healing

The condition where the body struggles to heal properly due to insufficient nutrition, leading to prolonged recovery times.

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Impaired Immunity

The diminished ability of the body to fight off infections due to malnutrition, making the individual more susceptible to diseases.

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Severe Malnutrition

Significant weight loss exceeding 20% of body weight within three months, often a symptom of severe malnutrition.

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Malnutrition in Patients

A condition affecting many patients, even in well-equipped institutions, where nutritional needs are not met, leading to negative consequences.

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Screening Tools for Malnutrition

Screening tools are typically quick and easy to administer, often involving surveys or questionnaires, to identify individuals at risk of malnutrition.

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Common Objective of Screening and Assessment

Both screening and assessment aim to identify nutritional issues early and reduce potential health complications.

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Impaired Nutrient Delivery in Marasmus

The impaired delivery of nutrients in marasmus is often due to factors like intestinal atrophy, reduced absorption, and metabolic dysfunctions.

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Well-nourished

A state where the body is adequately supplied with nutrients.

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Malnourished

A state where the body is lacking in essential nutrients.

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Impaired nutrient delivery

The ability of the body to utilize available nutrients effectively.

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Metabolic rate

A complex process that determines how much energy the body needs.

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