Nutrition and Health Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of iron-deficiency anaemia?

Delayed growth and development

Visible swelling in the neck

Bone pain or tenderness

Fatigue and weakness (correct)

Which dietary change is suggested to treat rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency?

Consuming more dairy products exclusively

Increasing intake of iron-rich foods

Encouraging high-fat diets

Increasing intake of vitamin D-rich foods (correct)

What is one of the main causes of goitre?

Excessive calcium intake

Deficiency of iodine (correct)

Lack of protein in the diet

Deficiency of iron

Which symptom is associated with vitamin D deficiency?

Delayed growth and development Signup and view all the answers

What type of supplement is typically prescribed for iron-deficiency anaemia?

Ferrous sulfate Signup and view all the answers

Which group is particularly at risk for vitamin D deficiency and may require supplementation?

Infants and children Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended public health measure to prevent iodine deficiency?

Implement iodization programs for salt Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom can indicate a severe case of goitre?

Difficulty swallowing or breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of incisors in both infants and adults?

Cutting food Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive salt intake lead to in the cardiovascular system?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which type of teeth is more prominent in adults compared to infants?

Premolars Signup and view all the answers

What layer of the tooth acts as the hard protective outer shell?

Enamel Signup and view all the answers

How do cavities form as a result of tooth decay?

By bacteria producing acids Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily contributes to the erosion of tooth enamel?

Sugar-sweetened beverages Signup and view all the answers

What role do molars play in the digestive process?

Grinding food and increasing surface area Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main causes of tooth decay?

Plaque accumulation from bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of amylase in digestion?

Breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars Signup and view all the answers

Why is fluoridation important for dental health?

It strengthens enamel and prevents decay Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the esophagus in the digestive system?

Transports food from the mouth to the stomach Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What type of digestion occurs in the stomach?

Both mechanical and chemical digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the teeth in the digestive process?

Mechanically breaking down food into smaller pieces Signup and view all the answers

How often should dental check-ups be scheduled for optimal dental care?

At least bi-annually Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is produced in the liver and helps break down hydrogen peroxide?

Catalase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of assimilation in the body?

Distributing processed nutrients for growth, energy, and repair Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a villus is responsible for the transport of absorbed fats?

Lacteal Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of villi aid in nutrient absorption?

By increasing surface area for maximum nutrient absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes egestion?

The process of expelling undigested waste material from the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between egestion and excretion?

Egestion involves waste that the body cannot utilize, excretion deals with metabolic waste Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of malnutrition related to obesity?

Risk of heart disease and diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which food group is primarily responsible for providing energy?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is essential for ensuring proper hygiene in food preparation?

Washing hands before handling food Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes anorexia as an eating disorder?

Intense fear of gaining weight Signup and view all the answers

How do age-related nutritional needs typically change?

Increased intake of calcium and vitamin D in older adults Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes marasmus?

Significant weight loss and muscle wasting Signup and view all the answers

What is a common dietary adjustment for physically active individuals?

Increasing calorie and nutrient intake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding hydration?

Proper hydration is crucial for physiological processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gastric juice in the stomach?

To break down proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is NOT found in pancreatic juices?

Pepsin Signup and view all the answers

How are monosaccharides typically absorbed into the bloodstream in the intestines?

By diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glucose after its absorption?

It can be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of the hepatic portal vein?

Carries nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of the liver?

To regulate blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What process allows nutrients to move against their concentration gradient in the intestines?

Active Transport Signup and view all the answers

What happens to fatty acids and glycerol once they are absorbed in the small intestine?

They are reassembled into triglycerides and released into the lymphatic system Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Macronutrients

Carbohydrates are a primary energy source
Types include starch, reducing sugars (like glucose and fructose), and non-reducing sugars (like sucrose)
Starch is a complex carbohydrate
Reducing sugars can reduce other compounds
Non-reducing sugars do not participate in redox reactions
Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal per gram of energy
Spare protein for use as energy, supporting muscle repair and growth
Support digestive health with fiber
Sources include starch (rice, potatoes, corn), reducing sugars (fruits, honey, milk), and non-reducing sugars (table sugar, some syrups)

Lipids

Types include fats, oils, and phospholipids
Lipids supply 9 kcal per gram of energy
Form cellular membranes
Store fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
Provide insulation and protect organs
Examples of sources include saturated fats (butter, cheese), and unsaturated fats (olive oil, nuts, avocados)

Proteins

Building blocks are amino acids
Functions in building and repairing tissues, acting as enzymes and hormones, supporting immune function, and maintaining pH and fluid balance
Animal sources include meat, eggs, and dairy
Plant sources include beans, lentils, and tofu
Chemical and physical properties of carbohydrates include composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O), soluble in water, with a sweet taste
Chemical and physical properties of lipids include composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen (C, H), insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
Chemical and physical properties of proteins include composed of amino acids containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur (C, H, O, N, S)
Sometimes complex structures with distinct folding
Hidden sources of sugars can be found in processed foods, sauces, snacks, common hidden sugars included high fructose corn syrup, sucrose, glucose

Vitamins

Vitamin A is essential for vision and immune function; sources include carrots, spinach, and liver
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is important for energy metabolism and nerve function, and sources include whole grains, legumes, and nuts
Vitamin C is an antioxidant, aids in tissue repair, and supports immune function, with sources including citrus fruits, strawberries, and broccoli
Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and bone health, sources include fortified milk and sunlight exposure
Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cell membranes; sources include nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.
Vitamin K is important for blood clotting and bone health; sources include leafy greens and broccoli

Minerals

Calcium is needed for strong bones and teeth, found in dairy products and leafy greens
Magnesium is involved in many biochemical reactions, including muscle and nerve function; found in nuts, whole grains, and green leafy vegetables
Fluoride enhances dental health and prevents cavities, found in fluoridated water and tea
Iodine is essential for thyroid function and metabolism, found in iodized salt and seafood
Phosphorus is important for bone health and energy production, found in meat, dairy, and nuts
Sodium is critical for maintaining fluid balance, found in table salt, processed foods
Iron is necessary for oxygen transport in red blood cells, found in red meat, beans, and fortified cereals

Vitamin Deficiency Diseases

Night blindness (vitamin A deficiency) caused by inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, or medical conditions affecting fat absorption. Symptoms include difficulty seeing in low light, dryness of the eyes, and potential complete blindness in severe cases. Treatment includes dietary changes to increase vitamin A intake and supplements, and addressing underlying conditions.
Iron-deficiency anemia caused by insufficient iron intake, poor absorption, blood loss, or increased demand such as during pregnancy.
Rickets (vitamin D deficiency) caused by lack of sunlight exposure, poor dietary intake, or malabsorption. Symptoms include bone pain, delayed growth and development in children, bone deformities, and muscle weakness. Treatments include increasing vitamin D-rich food intake, sunlight exposure, and supplements.
Goiter (iodine deficiency) caused by a lack of iodine in the diet, especially in iodine-deficient areas. Symptoms include an enlarged thyroid gland and difficulty swallowing or breathing. Treatment includes dietary changes, increasing intake of iodine-rich foods and supplements, and public health measures such as iodization programs

Functions of Water

Solvent for hydrolysis reactions, crucial for digestion, metabolism, and cellular breakdown
Transport medium for blood and lymph, carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body
Regulates body temperature through sweating and respiration, providing lubrication for joints and protecting organs from shock
Water is involved in many biochemical reactions and enzymatic activities

Dietary Fiber

Promotes digestive health by adding bulk to stool, preventing constipation, and promoting peristalsis
Contributes to satiety and helps control calorie intake
Slows the absorption of sugar, helping regulate blood sugar, beneficial for individuals with diabetes.

Effects of Constipation and Diarrhea

Constipation may be caused by insufficient fiber, inadequate fluid intake, sedentary lifestyle, or certain medications
Constipation has effects like infrequent bowel movements, hard and dry stools, abdominal discomfort, and bloating
Diarrhea can be caused by infections (viral, bacterial, or parasitic), food intolerances, inflammatory bowel diseases, medications, stress, or lack of proper hygiene in food preparation.
Diarrhea's possible effects include frequent watery stools, abdominal cramps, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances

Importance of a Balanced Diet

A balanced diet provides all the essential nutrients according to appropriate ratios
Food groups include carbohydrates for energy, proteins for growth and repair, fats for energy storage and cell structure, vitamins and minerals for biochemical reactions and health maintenance, and water for hydration and physiological processes
Essential nutrients are supported in a balanced diet which is key for overall well-being.

Effects of Age, Sex, and Occupation on Dietary Needs

Nutritional needs change throughout a person's lifespan
Men and women have varying dietary requirements
Physically active individuals need more calories and nutrients

Effects of Malnutrition

Malnutrition includes both undernutrition (deficiency in nutrients) and overnutrition in excess intake of nutrients
Obesity in adults is characterized by significant increases in body fat that often includes health risks such as heart disease and diabetes; similar effects can be observed in childhood obesity which can lead to similar and additional health risks.
Eating disorders including anorexia and bulimia involve extreme restriction or cycles of binge eating
Protein and energy malnutrition (such as kwashiorkor and marasmus) involve several severe and overlapping health risks

Teeth

Types of teeth, roles of different teeth, importance of teeth in digestion, structures of the tooth and their functions

Causes of Tooth Decay

Bacteria form plaque
Consumption of sugary foods and drinks leads to the production of acids that damage tooth enamel.
Acidic beverages also contribute to tooth enamel erosion
Follows a multi-step process including bacterial action and acid production, leading to cavity formation which eventually damages the tooth if not cared for properly.

Properties, Role and Importance of Enzymes

Amylase, a digestive enzyme, is produced in saliva and the pancreas, breaking down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Digestive System

Structures of the mouth and their functions to include teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.
Function of the esophagus, stomach and their roles in the digestive process, from transport, to mechanical and chemical digestion, to storage
Role of small intestine, and its sections including duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Role of the pancreas including digestive enzymes and insulin and glucagon for blood sugar regulation
Role of the liver including bile production, and processing and detoxifying harmful substances
Role of the gallbladder in storing and concentrating bile
The large intestine (colon) and its functions
Structures and functions of rectum, and anus

Processes of absorption

Mechanisms of absorption including osmosis (absorption of water) and diffusion (movement of molecules from high to low concentration).
Active transport is a mechanism for nutrient absorption against their concentration gradient requiring energy
Fate of digested products after absorption, including glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol
Role of the hepatic portal vein

Role of the Liver

The liver regulates blood sugar, synthesizes proteins, detoxifies harmful substances, and stores vitamins and minerals
Plays a crucial role in the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, and fats

Assimilation

After processing absorbed nutrients, the liver distributes them to various tissues in the body for growth, energy, and repair

Distinction Between Egestion and Excretion

Egestion is the process of expelling undigested wastes through the rectum and anus, while excretion is the process of removing metabolic wastes like urea and excess salts through urine—produced in the kidneys

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Description

Test your knowledge about common nutritional deficiencies and their associated symptoms. This quiz covers topics related to iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin D deficiency, and other health-related dietary changes. Explore how nutrition impacts dental health and general well-being.