Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of analyzing the chemical composition of foods?
What is the primary purpose of analyzing the chemical composition of foods?
What is a limitation of food tables in terms of accuracy?
What is a limitation of food tables in terms of accuracy?
What is a common nutritional problem in many developing countries?
What is a common nutritional problem in many developing countries?
Which of the following groups is particularly susceptible to undernutrition?
Which of the following groups is particularly susceptible to undernutrition?
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What is the primary characteristic of overnutrition?
What is the primary characteristic of overnutrition?
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What is the BMI range for obesity grade 1?
What is the BMI range for obesity grade 1?
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What is the purpose of calculating body mass index (BMI)?
What is the purpose of calculating body mass index (BMI)?
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Which of the following is NOT a common consequence of overnutrition?
Which of the following is NOT a common consequence of overnutrition?
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What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of a nutrient?
What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of a nutrient?
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What is the main reason for establishing different DRVs for different groups of people?
What is the main reason for establishing different DRVs for different groups of people?
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What is the purpose of the Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI)?
What is the purpose of the Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI)?
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What is the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) of a nutrient?
What is the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) of a nutrient?
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What is the main purpose of food tables, such as McCance and Widdowson's 'The Composition of Foods'?
What is the main purpose of food tables, such as McCance and Widdowson's 'The Composition of Foods'?
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Who established the first food tables in the UK?
Who established the first food tables in the UK?
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What was the original purpose of Robert McCance's research on the carbohydrate contents of fruits and vegetables?
What was the original purpose of Robert McCance's research on the carbohydrate contents of fruits and vegetables?
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What is the current title of the food tables originally developed by McCance and Widdowson?
What is the current title of the food tables originally developed by McCance and Widdowson?
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What is the main reason for the decline in death rates in the country?
What is the main reason for the decline in death rates in the country?
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Which region in the UK has the highest premature death rate from heart and circulatory diseases?
Which region in the UK has the highest premature death rate from heart and circulatory diseases?
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What is the recommended percentage of total fat in the diet according to the Department of Health?
What is the recommended percentage of total fat in the diet according to the Department of Health?
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What is the trend in stroke and coronary heart disease deaths in low-income countries between 1990 and 2010?
What is the trend in stroke and coronary heart disease deaths in low-income countries between 1990 and 2010?
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What is a recommended strategy to promote healthy eating habits?
What is a recommended strategy to promote healthy eating habits?
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What is the recommended percentage of sucrose in the diet according to the Department of Health?
What is the recommended percentage of sucrose in the diet according to the Department of Health?
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What is the primary criterion for determining the requirement for a nutrient?
What is the primary criterion for determining the requirement for a nutrient?
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What is the purpose of estimating the average requirement (EAR) for a nutrient?
What is the purpose of estimating the average requirement (EAR) for a nutrient?
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What is the term for the nutrients that are required in small amounts, typically in milligrams or micrograms per day?
What is the term for the nutrients that are required in small amounts, typically in milligrams or micrograms per day?
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Which of the following organizations is responsible for setting dietary reference values for food, energy, and nutrients in the United Kingdom?
Which of the following organizations is responsible for setting dietary reference values for food, energy, and nutrients in the United Kingdom?
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What is the term for the range of intake that meets the nutritional needs of 95% of the population?
What is the term for the range of intake that meets the nutritional needs of 95% of the population?
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What is the purpose of studying the intake of a nutrient in groups of people with and without deficiency?
What is the purpose of studying the intake of a nutrient in groups of people with and without deficiency?
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What is the term for the amount of a nutrient that is associated with a marker of nutritional adequacy?
What is the term for the amount of a nutrient that is associated with a marker of nutritional adequacy?
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What is the purpose of using a normal distribution curve to estimate nutrient requirements?
What is the purpose of using a normal distribution curve to estimate nutrient requirements?
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What percentage of adults in the UK were overweight or obese in November 2021?
What percentage of adults in the UK were overweight or obese in November 2021?
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What is the prevalence of BMI >30 in social class I in England?
What is the prevalence of BMI >30 in social class I in England?
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What is the percentage of children aged 5-15 who eat less than one portion of fruit and vegetables a day?
What is the percentage of children aged 5-15 who eat less than one portion of fruit and vegetables a day?
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What is the consequence of obesity that is related to high salt intake?
What is the consequence of obesity that is related to high salt intake?
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What is the percentage of adults who were overweight or obese globally between 1980 and 2008?
What is the percentage of adults who were overweight or obese globally between 1980 and 2008?
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What is the target for reducing the death rate from coronary heart disease and stroke in people under 75?
What is the target for reducing the death rate from coronary heart disease and stroke in people under 75?
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What is the percentage of children who are obese by age 11 in the UK?
What is the percentage of children who are obese by age 11 in the UK?
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What is the maximum recommended daily salt intake?
What is the maximum recommended daily salt intake?
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Study Notes
Nutrition and Health
- Micronutrients: vitamins, essential minerals, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids required in small amounts (µg or mg per day)
- Nutritionists refer to micronutrients as 'nutrients'
- Requirements for nutrients vary depending on age, gender, activity level, and other factors
Determining Nutrient Requirements
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): the amount of a nutrient required to prevent deficiency in a healthy population
- Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI): the amount of a nutrient required to meet the needs of most individuals (2 standard deviations above EAR)
- Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI): the amount of a nutrient required to meet the needs of a small percentage of the population (2 standard deviations below EAR)
Dietary Reference Values (DRVs)
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
- Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI)
- Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI)
Vitamin C Example
- EAR for adults in the UK: 25mg
- RNI for adults in the UK: 40mg
- LRNI for adults in the UK: 10mg
Energy Requirements
- Difficult to determine individual energy requirements
- Guidelines for groups within the population
Food Tables
- McCance and Widdowson's "The Composition of Foods" is the standard work in the UK
- Data obtained from food tables may not be strictly accurate, but still useful for:
- Analyzing individual nutrient and energy intake
- Formulating diets for specific groups (e.g. diabetics, people with high cholesterol)
Undernutrition
- Major problem in developing countries (e.g. South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South America)
- In developed countries, specific deficiencies occur in groups such as:
- Elderly people living alone or in institutions
- Young people on junk food
- Asian women and children in traditional clothing
- Slimmers and people on fad diets
- Cancer and AIDS patients
- People with eating disorders
- Hospitalized patients (up to 40%)
Overnutrition
- Main nutritional problem in developed countries
- Too much fat, sugar, and salt in the diet
- Body Mass Index (BMI) classification:
- Normal (18.5-24.9)
- Overweight (25-29.9)
- Obese (30-34.9, 35-39.9, >40)
Obesity
- Global increase in obesity from 23% to 34% between 1980 and 2008
- In the UK, 30% are obese, and 63% are overweight or obese (Nov 2021)
- Highest prevalence of obesity in lower social classes
Sugar Consumption
- Increases from social classes I to V
- UK sales of snacks and confectionery outstrip other European countries
- Sales of fizzy drinks have doubled in 15 years
Childhood Obesity
- Obesity in 6-year-olds has doubled to 9.6%
- Trebled in 15-year-olds to 15%
- Junk food and lack of exercise contribute to childhood obesity
- By age 5, 1 in 10 children are obese, and 1 in 5 are obese by age 11
Consequences of Overnutrition
- Cardiovascular disease
- Stroke
- Some cancers
- Hypertension
- Diabetes type 2
- Gallstones
- Dental caries
- Gout
- Infertility
- Sleep apnea
- Surgical risk
- Psychological distress
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of micronutrients, including vitamins, essential minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids, and how to determine daily requirements.