Nutrition and Health: Micronutrients
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of analyzing the chemical composition of foods?

  • To calculate the mean content of various nutrients in foods (correct)
  • To formulate diets for people with specific health conditions
  • To study the effects of seasonal changes on food composition
  • To determine the exact fat content of milk
  • What is a limitation of food tables in terms of accuracy?

  • They do not provide data on the chemical composition of foods
  • They are not applicable to people with certain health conditions
  • They are not accurate due to varying fat content of milk (correct)
  • They do not account for seasonal variations in food composition
  • What is a common nutritional problem in many developing countries?

  • Overnutrition
  • Specific deficiencies of proteins, vitamins, and minerals
  • Eating disorders
  • Undernutrition (correct)
  • Which of the following groups is particularly susceptible to undernutrition?

    <p>Elderly individuals living alone or in institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of overnutrition?

    <p>Consuming too much fat, sugar, and salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the BMI range for obesity grade 1?

    <p>30-34.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating body mass index (BMI)?

    <p>To assess the nutritional status of an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common consequence of overnutrition?

    <p>Undernutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of a nutrient?

    <p>The notional mean requirement of a nutrient for a group of healthy individuals in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for establishing different DRVs for different groups of people?

    <p>Because nutritional requirements vary with age, sex, and health status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI)?

    <p>To establish the sufficient intake of a nutrient to meet the needs of most of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) of a nutrient?

    <p>Two standard deviations below the EAR, intakes of a nutrient below this level are almost certainly inadequate for most individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of food tables, such as McCance and Widdowson's 'The Composition of Foods'?

    <p>To provide information on the nutritional content of foods for dietary planning and nutrition programmes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who established the first food tables in the UK?

    <p>Robert McCance and Widdowson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original purpose of Robert McCance's research on the carbohydrate contents of fruits and vegetables?

    <p>To formulate diets for diabetic patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current title of the food tables originally developed by McCance and Widdowson?

    <p>The Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the decline in death rates in the country?

    <p>People living longer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region in the UK has the highest premature death rate from heart and circulatory diseases?

    <p>North England</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended percentage of total fat in the diet according to the Department of Health?

    <p>30-33%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in stroke and coronary heart disease deaths in low-income countries between 1990 and 2010?

    <p>Up by 12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended strategy to promote healthy eating habits?

    <p>Clear labelling of food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended percentage of sucrose in the diet according to the Department of Health?

    <p>No more than 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criterion for determining the requirement for a nutrient?

    <p>The amount needed to prevent deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of estimating the average requirement (EAR) for a nutrient?

    <p>To determine the recommended daily intake for a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the nutrients that are required in small amounts, typically in milligrams or micrograms per day?

    <p>Micronutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organizations is responsible for setting dietary reference values for food, energy, and nutrients in the United Kingdom?

    <p>Committee of Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the range of intake that meets the nutritional needs of 95% of the population?

    <p>Reference nutrient intake (RNI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of studying the intake of a nutrient in groups of people with and without deficiency?

    <p>To identify the nutrient intake that prevents deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of a nutrient that is associated with a marker of nutritional adequacy?

    <p>Nutrient intake associated with a marker of nutritional adequacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a normal distribution curve to estimate nutrient requirements?

    <p>To establish a range of intake that meets the nutritional needs of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults in the UK were overweight or obese in November 2021?

    <p>63%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of BMI >30 in social class I in England?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of children aged 5-15 who eat less than one portion of fruit and vegetables a day?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of obesity that is related to high salt intake?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of adults who were overweight or obese globally between 1980 and 2008?

    <p>23% to 34%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target for reducing the death rate from coronary heart disease and stroke in people under 75?

    <p>By at least two fifths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of children who are obese by age 11 in the UK?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum recommended daily salt intake?

    <p>6g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nutrition and Health

    • Micronutrients: vitamins, essential minerals, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids required in small amounts (µg or mg per day)
    • Nutritionists refer to micronutrients as 'nutrients'
    • Requirements for nutrients vary depending on age, gender, activity level, and other factors

    Determining Nutrient Requirements

    • Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): the amount of a nutrient required to prevent deficiency in a healthy population
    • Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI): the amount of a nutrient required to meet the needs of most individuals (2 standard deviations above EAR)
    • Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI): the amount of a nutrient required to meet the needs of a small percentage of the population (2 standard deviations below EAR)

    Dietary Reference Values (DRVs)

    • Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
    • Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI)
    • Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI)

    Vitamin C Example

    • EAR for adults in the UK: 25mg
    • RNI for adults in the UK: 40mg
    • LRNI for adults in the UK: 10mg

    Energy Requirements

    • Difficult to determine individual energy requirements
    • Guidelines for groups within the population

    Food Tables

    • McCance and Widdowson's "The Composition of Foods" is the standard work in the UK
    • Data obtained from food tables may not be strictly accurate, but still useful for:
      • Analyzing individual nutrient and energy intake
      • Formulating diets for specific groups (e.g. diabetics, people with high cholesterol)

    Undernutrition

    • Major problem in developing countries (e.g. South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South America)
    • In developed countries, specific deficiencies occur in groups such as:
      • Elderly people living alone or in institutions
      • Young people on junk food
      • Asian women and children in traditional clothing
      • Slimmers and people on fad diets
      • Cancer and AIDS patients
      • People with eating disorders
      • Hospitalized patients (up to 40%)

    Overnutrition

    • Main nutritional problem in developed countries
    • Too much fat, sugar, and salt in the diet
    • Body Mass Index (BMI) classification:
      • Normal (18.5-24.9)
      • Overweight (25-29.9)
      • Obese (30-34.9, 35-39.9, >40)

    Obesity

    • Global increase in obesity from 23% to 34% between 1980 and 2008
    • In the UK, 30% are obese, and 63% are overweight or obese (Nov 2021)
    • Highest prevalence of obesity in lower social classes

    Sugar Consumption

    • Increases from social classes I to V
    • UK sales of snacks and confectionery outstrip other European countries
    • Sales of fizzy drinks have doubled in 15 years

    Childhood Obesity

    • Obesity in 6-year-olds has doubled to 9.6%
    • Trebled in 15-year-olds to 15%
    • Junk food and lack of exercise contribute to childhood obesity
    • By age 5, 1 in 10 children are obese, and 1 in 5 are obese by age 11

    Consequences of Overnutrition

    • Cardiovascular disease
    • Stroke
    • Some cancers
    • Hypertension
    • Diabetes type 2
    • Gallstones
    • Dental caries
    • Gout
    • Infertility
    • Sleep apnea
    • Surgical risk
    • Psychological distress

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of micronutrients, including vitamins, essential minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids, and how to determine daily requirements.

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