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Questions and Answers
Of the six major classes of nutrients, which is the majority of body mass? Which is important of muscle growth? Which two are primary energy sources? Which is most likely to become toxic if fed in excess?
Of the six major classes of nutrients, which is the majority of body mass? Which is important of muscle growth? Which two are primary energy sources? Which is most likely to become toxic if fed in excess?
What is the difference in requirements for protein between ruminants and non-ruminants? What is the difference in requirements for vitamins?
What is the difference in requirements for protein between ruminants and non-ruminants? What is the difference in requirements for vitamins?
Ruminants: Most protein needs are supplied by the microbes. They produce vitamin B and K.
Non-ruminants: All protein needs are supplied by the diet. They must get all vitamins from their diet.
What are the three major types of digestive systems in livestock (excluding poultry)?
What are the three major types of digestive systems in livestock (excluding poultry)?
What is the major function of the small intestine? Of the large intestine?
What is the major function of the small intestine? Of the large intestine?
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Why does the horse's need for protein differ from ruminants?
Why does the horse's need for protein differ from ruminants?
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What are the major functions of the rumen?
What are the major functions of the rumen?
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When converting the amount of dry matter feed to the amount of as-fed feed, the amount of dry matter should be larger.
When converting the amount of dry matter feed to the amount of as-fed feed, the amount of dry matter should be larger.
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Will nutrient concentration (such as percent crude protein) be greater when expressed on a DM basis, or on an as-fed basis?
Will nutrient concentration (such as percent crude protein) be greater when expressed on a DM basis, or on an as-fed basis?
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Study Notes
Nutrition and Breeding & Genetics
- Review glossaries in the textbook
- Water is the most important nutrient; carbohydrates and fats provide energy, proteins build muscle mass, and vitamins and minerals can be toxic in excess if fed too much
Nutrient Requirements
- Ruminants obtain most protein from microbes; non-ruminants obtain all protein from their diet.
- Ruminants and non-ruminants have different vitamin requirements.
- Three major livestock digestive systems are monogastric (simple stomach), monogastric with a functional cecum, and ruminant (polygastric - 4 compartments).
Digestive Systems
- The small intestine absorbs nutrients and breaks down amino acids.
- The large intestine absorbs water and stores undigested food.
- Horses have different protein needs compared to ruminants due to hindgut fermentation after protein absorption.
- The rumen has functions of breaking down cellulose and producing volatile fatty acids, aiding in fermentation
Other Notes
- Dry matter is always greater than as-fed when comparing feed value..
- Crude fiber increases as crude protein decreases.
- Animal size, stage of production and performance affect nutrient needs.
- Lactation stage has higher nutrient requirements.
- High moisture feeds have variable nutrient content.
- Palatability, potential digestive problems, and handling are limiting factors in rations.
- Normal maintenance consumption is 2-3% of body weight.
- Phase feeding is changing rations every couple weeks to meet changing nutrient needs.
- Reproduction is crucial for economic importance.
- Males produce semen, locate females, and serve them.
- Testes produce testosterone and sperm: the epididymis stores sperm and the scrotum protects the testes.
- Accessory sex glands add fluid and nutrients to the semen.
- Females deliver eggs for fertilization, and have oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina involved in the process.
- Different species have different uterine anatomy.
- Standing heat is when a female allows mating.
- The follicle (on the ovary), releases estrogen.
- The CL (corpus luteum) produces progesterone and aids in pregnancy.
- Prostaglandins cause a change in the CL, leading to pregnancy or further cycle.
Additional Questions / Data
- Converting dry matter to as-fed : dry matter is always bigger
- Nutrient concentration is greater on DM basis.
- Three factors affecting nutrient needs are size, production stage, and performance.
- Seasonal cattle nutrient changes
- "Limiting factors" of feedstuff in rations include palatability, potential digestive, and handling difficulties.
- Normal maintenance consumption for most livestock is approximately 2-3% of body weight
- The type of digestive system is important as a factor affecting nutrient needs
- Other important considerations include Expected average daily gain, and what feedstuffs are available.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of nutrition, breeding, and genetics in livestock. Understand the digestive systems of ruminants and non-ruminants, vitamin requirements, and protein sources. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of nutrient requirements and how they vary among different species.
