Nutrition and Genetics in Livestock

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Questions and Answers

Of the six major classes of nutrients, which is the majority of body mass? Which is important of muscle growth? Which two are primary energy sources? Which is most likely to become toxic if fed in excess?

  • Water - Most important (correct)
  • Vitamins
  • Fats - Energy (correct)
  • Minerals - toxic if you feed to many (correct)
  • Proteins - Muscles (correct)
  • Carbohydrates - Energy (correct)

What is the difference in requirements for protein between ruminants and non-ruminants? What is the difference in requirements for vitamins?

Ruminants: Most protein needs are supplied by the microbes. They produce vitamin B and K.
Non-ruminants: All protein needs are supplied by the diet. They must get all vitamins from their diet.

What are the three major types of digestive systems in livestock (excluding poultry)?

  • Monogastric (simple stomach) (correct)
  • Ruminant (polygastric - 4 compartments) (correct)
  • Monogastric with functional Cecum (correct)

What is the major function of the small intestine? Of the large intestine?

<p>The small intestine is responsible for absorption of nutrients, breakdown of amino acids, and enzymatic digestion. The large intestine is responsible for water resorption and storage of undigested food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the horse's need for protein differ from ruminants?

<p>Horses ferment the forages in the hindgut or postgastric, while ruminants ferment in the rumen. This means that the protein is digested after absorption in the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major functions of the rumen?

<p>Release of volatile fatty acids (VFA's) (A), Breakdown of cellulose by microbes (B), Fermentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting the amount of dry matter feed to the amount of as-fed feed, the amount of dry matter should be larger.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Will nutrient concentration (such as percent crude protein) be greater when expressed on a DM basis, or on an as-fed basis?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Major body mass nutrient

Water is the majority of body mass in livestock.

Muscle growth nutrient

Protein is crucial for muscle development in animals.

Primary energy sources

Carbohydrates and fats are the primary energy sources for livestock.

Toxic nutrient in excess

Minerals can become toxic if fed in excess.

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Ruminant protein needs

Ruminants rely on microbes for much of their protein needs.

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Non-ruminant protein needs

Non-ruminants get all their protein from the diet.

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Ruminant vitamin needs

Ruminants produce B and K vitamins through microbes.

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Non ruminant vitamins

Non-ruminants get all their vitamins from their diet.

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Monogastric digestive system

Simple stomach, found in pigs, humans, etc.

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Monogastric with functional Cecum

One-part stomach with cecum in hindgut.

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Ruminant digestive system

Four-compartment stomach, in cows, sheep, goats.

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Small intestine function

Nutrient absorption and enzymatic digestion.

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Large intestine function

Water reabsorption and waste storage.

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Horse protein needs

Horses get protein from hindgut fermentation unlike ruminants.

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Rumen function

Cellulose breakdown, VFA production, fermentation.

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Dry Matter (DM)

The weight of feed without water.

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As-fed feed

Feed weight including water.

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DM vs. As-fed concentration

Nutrient concentration is higher on DM basis.

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Crude fiber and crude protein

Inverse relationship between crude fiber and crude protein.

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Feed value comparison

Legume hay > grass hay > crop residue in feed value.

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Factors affecting nutrient needs

Size, production stage, and performance.

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High nutrient needs

Lactation stage requires higher nutrient intake.

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Yearly nutrient needs

Nutrient requirements of beef cows vary during the yearly production cycle.

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Variable nutrient feeds

High moisture feeds are variable in their nutrient content.

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Limiting Feed Factors

Palatability, digestibility, and handling are limiting factors.

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Maintenance consumption

Livestock consume 2-3% of their body weight.

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Phase feeding

Changing rations every 2 weeks to meet changing nutrient needs.

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Study Notes

Nutrition and Breeding & Genetics

  • Review glossaries in the textbook
  • Water is the most important nutrient; carbohydrates and fats provide energy, proteins build muscle mass, and vitamins and minerals can be toxic in excess if fed too much

Nutrient Requirements

  • Ruminants obtain most protein from microbes; non-ruminants obtain all protein from their diet.
  • Ruminants and non-ruminants have different vitamin requirements.
  • Three major livestock digestive systems are monogastric (simple stomach), monogastric with a functional cecum, and ruminant (polygastric - 4 compartments).

Digestive Systems

  • The small intestine absorbs nutrients and breaks down amino acids.
  • The large intestine absorbs water and stores undigested food.
  • Horses have different protein needs compared to ruminants due to hindgut fermentation after protein absorption.
  • The rumen has functions of breaking down cellulose and producing volatile fatty acids, aiding in fermentation

Other Notes

  • Dry matter is always greater than as-fed when comparing feed value..
  • Crude fiber increases as crude protein decreases.
  • Animal size, stage of production and performance affect nutrient needs.
  • Lactation stage has higher nutrient requirements.
  • High moisture feeds have variable nutrient content.
  • Palatability, potential digestive problems, and handling are limiting factors in rations.
  • Normal maintenance consumption is 2-3% of body weight.
  • Phase feeding is changing rations every couple weeks to meet changing nutrient needs.
  • Reproduction is crucial for economic importance.
  • Males produce semen, locate females, and serve them.
  • Testes produce testosterone and sperm: the epididymis stores sperm and the scrotum protects the testes.
  • Accessory sex glands add fluid and nutrients to the semen.
  • Females deliver eggs for fertilization, and have oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina involved in the process.
  • Different species have different uterine anatomy.
  • Standing heat is when a female allows mating.
  • The follicle (on the ovary), releases estrogen.
  • The CL (corpus luteum) produces progesterone and aids in pregnancy.
  • Prostaglandins cause a change in the CL, leading to pregnancy or further cycle.

Additional Questions / Data

  • Converting dry matter to as-fed : dry matter is always bigger
  • Nutrient concentration is greater on DM basis.
  • Three factors affecting nutrient needs are size, production stage, and performance.
  • Seasonal cattle nutrient changes
  • "Limiting factors" of feedstuff in rations include palatability, potential digestive, and handling difficulties.
  • Normal maintenance consumption for most livestock is approximately 2-3% of body weight
  • The type of digestive system is important as a factor affecting nutrient needs
  • Other important considerations include Expected average daily gain, and what feedstuffs are available.

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